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Cement. Production rose by 60% in the last 10 years China: 44% of world production Top 10 companies represent 55% of global capacity, but many very small plants Little Trade: Only 5.8% traded internationally No global cement association. 5%. 40%. 50%. 5%. CO 2 output: chemical process
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Cement • Production rose by 60% in the last 10 years • China: 44% of world production • Top 10 companies represent 55% of global capacity, but many very small plants • Little Trade: Only 5.8% traded internationally • No global cement association
5% 40% 50% 5% • CO2 output: • chemical process • energy Raw materials preparation Clinker production Finish grinding • Energy input: • heat • electricity 10% 10% 70% 10% Cement energy use & emissions 4.6% of global GHG emissions
Cement emissions intensities Source: Worrell et al (2001): ‘Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Global Cement Industry’ in Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 26:303-29.
Scope for progress in cement • Use of dry preheater rotary kilns (≥22% reduction compared to wet kilns) • Increased use of low carbon & alternative fuels (15% reduction globally) • Production of cement and energy at the same time (5-10%) [CHP principle] • Reduction of clinker productionemissions: • Increasing the amount of additives (7% reduction globally) • Use of alternative binders (≤ 80%)