Chapter 14 Juvenile Corrections: Probation, Community Treatment, and Institutionalization

1. Chapter 14Juvenile Corrections: Probation, Community Treatment, and Institutionalization

2. Chapter Goals • Distinguish between community and institutional treatment • Be familiar with probation • Be aware of new approaches in probation • Understand key historical development in secure juvenile corrections • Be familiar with recent trends in juvenile institutions • Understand key issues facing the institutionalized juvenile offender • Be able to identify various correctional treatment approaches • Understand right of juveniles to treatment • Know nature of aftercare

3. PowerPoint Analysis Assignment (4-7 slides) How effective are the following prevention strategies in successfully rehabilitating the juvenile delinquent? What treatment strategies might be used with these prevention strategies? • Electronic monitoring • Juvenile intensive probation supervision • Boot camps • Juvenile institutions Create a PowerPoint presentation explaining the pros and cons of each strategy, and its overall statistical success.

4. Community Treatment • Efforts to provide care, protection, and treatment for juveniles in need • Various forms of such treatment include: • Probation • Treatment services • Restitution • Foster homes • Small group homes • Boarding schools • Counseling • Vocational training

5. Institutional Treatment • Correctional centers operated by federal, state and/or county governments • Restrict movement of residents through staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence controls • Various types of such treatment include: • Reception centers • Specialized facilities • Training schools • Ranch/forestry camps • Boot camps

6. Probation • Nonpunitive, legal disposition of juveniles emphasizing community treatment with close supervision • Primary form of community treatment used in the juvenile system • Characterized by: • Established set of rules • Treatment in the community • Close supervision to ensure adherence to rule and accountability

7. Field Trip • Last one of the course: We are off to juvi detention. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztsINEYR5Gc

8. Historical Development of Community Treatment • Historically rooted in juvenile justice system • Expanded in 1960s in response to deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders • Contemporary probation is characterized by: • Considered the backbone of community treatment for juveniles • Most popular juvenile disposition for juvenile court judges • Direct judicial order that allows youth to remain in community under court supervision • Conditions of probation vary, but typically involve basic rules such as… attending school, participating in counseling, staying out of trouble, remaining in the jurisdiction, etc. • Often ordered for indefinite period of time

9. Duties of Juvenile Probation Officers • Typically involved at four stages of juvenile process: • Intake • Screen complaints and make case decisions • Predisposition • Participate in release or detention decisions • Adjudication • Assist the court in reaching a dispositional decision • Prepare pre dispositional reports containing pertinent, comprehensive information regarding the juvenile • Post disposition • Provide juvenile with supervision and treatment in the community • Monitor conditions of probation • Report progress of juvenile to court

10. Probation Innovations • Intensive supervision • Treating juveniles normally sent to secure confinement in community as part of small specialized caseload • Goals are decarceration, control, and maintaining community ties and reintegration • Electronic monitoring • House arrest coupled with electronic monitoring is common • Effectiveness is debatable • Seems to be effective only with certain populations

11. Probation Innovations • Restorative justice • Nonpunitive strategy that attempts to address issues that produce conflict between parties • Characterized by seven core values • Key is restoration rather than retributions • Balanced probation • Integrates community protection, accountability, competency, and individualized attention to juvenile • Restitution • Can take on several forms: monetary, victim service, community service

12. Probation Innovations • Residential community treatment • Residential programs are non secure facilities where juveniles are closely monitored • Group home are non secure residences that provide counseling, education, job training, and family living • Foster care program involve placement of juvenile with families • Family group homes are a combination of foster care and group homes • Rural program provide recreational activities or work for juveniles

13. Secure Corrections • History of juvenile institutions • Early institutions housed juveniles and adults • Reform schools emerged, then the cottage system • Creation of first juvenile court changed juvenile institutions • Civilian Conservation Corps began to emerge • U.S. Children’s Bureau sought to reform juvenile institutions • Focus on least restrictive alternative • Removal of status offenders from secure confinement • Conditions of confinement worsened due to overcrowding and overuse

14. Juvenile Institutions Today • Most delinquent juveniles housed in public facilities • Most status offenders housed in private facilities • Custody rates vary widely among states • Physical conditions of institutions also vary widely among the states • Typical resident in juvenile facility is: • 17 years of age • European American • Male • Incarcerated for average stay of 3 ½ months • Minority youth more likely to receive incarceration

15. Juvenile Inmates • Males make up most of institutionalized youth • Number of females increasing in recent years • Most institutions employ some form of treatment program • Purpose of juvenile correctional system is rehabilitation of juvenile offender • Individual treatment • Psychotherapy, reality therapy, and behavior modification • Group treatment • Guide group interaction • Positive peer culture

16. Educational, Vocation, and Recreational Programs • Educational programs • Often best staffed areas, but still inadequate • Vocational programs • Range from auto repair to computer training • Common drawback is sex-typing • Wilderness programs • Involve outdoor expeditions that provide opportunities to confront difficulties and achieve personal satisfaction • Juvenile boot camps • Combine get tough approaches with education, substance abuse treatment, and social skills training

17. Legal Right to Treatment • Concept introduced to mental health field in 1960 • Applied to juveniles in 1972 • US Supreme Court has: • Established minimum standards for juvenile in training schools • Prohibited the use of corporal punishment in juvenile institutions • Limited right of juvenile to treatment

18. Juvenile Aftercare and Reentry • Aftercare is transitional assistance to juvenile to help them adjust to community life • Reentry is the process of returning to society upon release form a secure custody facility • Services provided to juveniles: • Supervision by parole officers or caseworkers • Additional services needed for successful transition • Intensive Aftercare Program • Balanced, highly structured, comprehensive continuum of intervention for serious and violent juvenile offenders returning to community

19. Future of Juvenile Corrections • New forms of probation supervision • Debate regarding community versus institutional treatment • Debate regarding effectiveness of correctional treatment versus delinquency prevention • Focus on deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders • Disproportionate minority incarceration an issue • Aftercare and reentry services have become a critical part of successful transition to community • Future of legal rights remains uncertain

20. Conclusion • Distinguish between community and institutional treatment • Be familiar with probation • Be aware of new approaches in probation • Understand key historical development in secure juvenile corrections • Be familiar with recent trends in juvenile institutions • Understand key issues facing the institutionalized juvenile offender • Be able to identify various correctional treatment approaches • Understand right of juveniles to treatment • Know nature of aftercare

21. Key Terms • Community Treatment • Suppression Effect • Probation • Juvenile Probation Officer • Social Investigation Report • Conditions of Probation • Intensive Probation Supervision • House Arrest • Electronic Monitoring • Balanced Probation • Monetary Restitution • Victim Service Restitution • Community Service Restitution • Residential Programs • Group Homes • Foster Care Programs • Family Group Homes • Rural Programs • Reform Schools • Cottage System • Least Restrictive Alternative • Individual Counseling • Psychotherapy

22. Key Terms, Continued • Reality Therapy • Behavior Modification • Group Therapy • Guided Group Interaction • Positive Peer Culture • Milieu Therapy • Wilderness Probation • Boot Camps • Meta-Analysis • Right to Treatment • Aftercare • Reentry • Intensive Aftercare Program

23. The EndChapter 14Juvenile Corrections: Probation, Community Treatment, and Institutionalization