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Chapter 7: Biodiversity and Conservation

Chapter 7: Biodiversity and Conservation. Mr. Manskopf Notes also are at http://www.manskopf.com. Chapter 10 Biodiversity Big Ideas. There is a huge diversity of life on Earth that is critical to all species. . There are some factors about species that make them prone to extinction.

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Chapter 7: Biodiversity and Conservation

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  1. Chapter 7: Biodiversity and Conservation Mr. Manskopf Notes also are at http://www.manskopf.com

  2. Chapter 10 Biodiversity Big Ideas • There is a huge diversity of life on Earth that is critical to all species. . • There are some factors about species that make them prone to extinction. • Human activities are causing large numbers of species to go extinct.

  3. Section 1: Our Planet of Life: What is biodiversity? • How many species live on Earth? • Describe the types of biodiversity. • Explain why biodiversity is important. • Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone species, ecotourism

  4. About 1.7 million species are known • Estimates vary from greater than 10 million • Why so many unknown?

  5. Biodiversity Which species rule the world?

  6. Biodiversity • Biodiversity: the number of different species in a given area • Tropical rain forests • What factors lead to biodiversity?

  7. Types of Biodiversity Species Biodiversity:number of different species in an area Ecosystem Diversityhow many types of habitats in an area Genetic Diversitythe number of genes in all members of a population

  8. Types of Biodiversity • Genetic diversity: Differences in DNA among individuals • Species diversity: Variety of species in a given area • Ecosystem diversity: Variety of habitats, ecosystems, communities

  9. Ecosystem diversity often leads to species diversity and often genetic diversity

  10. Did You Know?In general, biodiversity increases toward the equator.

  11. Who cares about Biodiversity?A Variety of Answers

  12. What is a gene? • Gene: a piece of DNA code for a specific trait inherited • Tall, short, brown eyes, etc. Genetic Diversity among corn

  13. Benefits of Diversity • Genetic Diversity Key To Survival • small isolated populations unlikely to survive • Genetic mutations from inbreeding can occur • More diversity = more likely to survive

  14. Why is genetic diversity important? Cavendish banana “ The fungus Fusarium oxysporum wiped out the previous species of bananas (the Gros Michel) in the 1950s. Now it’s back, having evolved to be able to take on the previously resistant “back-up” species of banana — the Cavendish — that replaced the superior Gros Michel banana after it was wiped out. “

  15. Benefits of Diversity: Ecosystem Services • Intact environments provide ecosystem services, such as water purification and pest control. • High biodiversity increases stability of communities and ecosystems, enabling them to perform services. • Stable ecosystems are resistant and resilient.

  16. Benefits of Diversity Keystone Species: species that is critical to ecosystem survival • Sea otter • Grey Wolf • Beaver

  17. Keystone Species Food Web Depends Upon Krill

  18. Benefits of Diversity • Medical, Industrial, Agricultural uses • Food, cloths, shelter, chemicals and medicine often comes from variety of organisms See table 1 pages 261

  19. Medical • Medicine: Organisms contain compounds that are useful for treating disease. The yew tree, an original source of Taxol, a cancer-fighting drug Did You Know?Of the 150 most prescribed drugs in the United States, 118 originated in nature.

  20. Benefits of Biodiversity • Ethics, Aesthetics and Recreation • Moral, religious purposes for all species • Personal enjoyment Dolphin Tour Off NJ Beaches

  21. Benefits of Biodiversity • Ecotourism: tourisms that supports conservation • Wildlife, birding, wilderness hiking • People make $ by having people view wildlife

  22. Section 1 Review • How many species live on Earth? • Describe the types of biodiversity. • Explain why biodiversity is important. • Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone species, ecotourism

  23. Section 2: Biodiversity at Risk • What does it mean when a species is threatened or endangered? • What makes some species more prone to extinction? • What are the largest threats to biodiversity? • What areas are likely to have high biodiversity? • Terms: endangered species, threatened species, exotic species, endemic species, poaching

  24. Biodiversity has increased over time, but mass extinctions are also natural events (5 major events) How do we get this data?

  25. Extinctions • Species gone forever • NORMAL • Mass Extinction: short period of time when large number of species go extinct (65 MYA) • Currently in mass extinction…caused by humans • Rapid climate change

  26. There have been five mass extinctions in Earth’s history. • Each time, more than 1/5 of all families and 1/2 of all species have gone extinct.

  27. Biodiversity at Risk • The current extinction rate is 100 to 1000 times greater than the natural background rate. • In 2009, 1321 species in the U.S. were classified as endangered or threatened. • Endangered: At serious risk of extinction • Threatened: Likely to become endangered soon through all or part of its range

  28. Extinctions Certain traits make some species more vulnerable: • Small populations • Specialized • Need large range • Migration • Valuable to humans

  29. Species squeezed into smaller and smaller fragmented habitat

  30. Current Extinctions • Endangered Species: is likely to go extinct if actions not taken • Threatened: population declining and likely to become endangered

  31. Current Extinctions • TNC estimates 1/3rd of 21,000 identified U.S. animal and plant species are vulnerable. • 30,000 of the world’s species and 1,200 in U.S. are officially endangered.

  32. Types of endangered species worldwide

  33. How do humans cause extinctions? • “HIPPO” • Habitat destruction • Invasive species • Population (humans) growth • Pollution • Overharvesting

  34. Habitat Loss/Fragmentation

  35. Habitat Fragmentation Habitat fragmentation: Patches of suitable habitat surrounded by unsuitable habitat In general, larger habitat fragments can support greater biodiversity than smaller fragments

  36. Humans Causing Extinctions • Habitat Destruction causes 75-80% • Large creatures need lot of land • Invasive Species: exotic species not native to area can destroy an ecosystem

  37. Invasive Species Invasive species can out-compete and displace native species.

  38. Invasive Species CA Agricultural Checkpoints

  39. Humans Causing Extinction • Over-harvesting excessive hunting (bison in U.S., fish) • Poaching: illegal hunting • Common in poor countries for food, medicines, income • Pollution air, water, land

  40. Causes of Extinction Climate Change • Increasingly becoming a factor in biodiversity loss • Unlike the other factors, climate change will have a potentially global effect on biodiversity.

  41. Areas of Critical Biodiversity • Hotspots: areas threatened that contain high biodiversity • Roughly 25 worldwide • Madagascar • Parts of California

  42. Hotspots Large numbers of endemic species: species native to that area

  43. US Hotspots

  44. Areas of Critical Biodiversity • Tropical Rain Forests • Coral Reefs • Coastal Ecosystems • Islands Why these areas????

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