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Learning

Learning. Operant Classical Cognitive. Learning is …. A change in behavior that results from a previous experience ( behavior can be observable or a thought). Classical Conditioning.

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Learning

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  1. Learning Operant Classical Cognitive

  2. Learning is … • A change in behavior that results from a previous experience • ( behavior can be observable or a thought)

  3. Classical Conditioning • Learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stimulus (reflexive responses)

  4. Operant conditioning • Learning in which the consequence that follows a behavior increases or decreases the likelihood that the behavior happens again

  5. Cognitive Learning • Learning which involves mental processes such as attention and memory may be learned through observation or imitation • may not involve external rewards • (remember there are factors that affect this)

  6. What type of learning? Complete an algebra problem • Increased heart rate when going to the dentist • Getting hungry everyday at 12:00 • Leaving class when the bell rings • Showing up late for class, getting a detention and not showing up late again

  7. Factors that affect Learning(part of cognitive learning) • Feedback • - must be descriptive rather than evaluative, • timely, • welcome, • Useful • specific

  8. Attention • Focusing on the correct thing

  9. Practice • Doing something over and over again

  10. Mental Practice • Going over something in your mind

  11. Neutral Stimulus • NS- (Neutral stimulus) something that causes a sensory response but doesn’t produce the reflex being tested

  12. Conditioned Stimulus • CS (Conditioned stimulus) formerly the NS that now has the ability to elicit (trigger) the response that was previously elicited (triggered) by the UCS

  13. Unconditioned stimulus • UCS (unconditioned stimulus) the stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological response

  14. Conditioned Response • CR- the response that is elicited (triggered) by the CS This response is similar to the ucr

  15. Unconditioned Response • UCR- an unlearned involuntary physiological response that is elicited, or triggered by, the unconditioned stimulus

  16. Classical Conditioning Formula NS + UCS  UCR CS CR

  17. Pavlov’s experiment

  18. Pavlov’s dogs • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI&feature=related

  19. Baby Albert ( and Watson) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2Ns3WViaXw&feature=related

  20. Generalization- a stimulus similar to the CS triggers a response similar to the CR • Discrimination- when an organism learns to make a response to some stim uli but not others • Extinction- when the conditioned response dies out

  21. Operant Conditioning • Learning that takes place when a spontaneous behavior is reinforced or punished • Classical conditioning deals with reflexive, physiological behaviors

  22. What type of conditioning?

  23. Copy these notes • SB- (Spontaneous behavior) a voluntary or non-reflexive action • C- (Consequence) positive or negative results of a behavior • R- (Response)- a unit of behavior • S- (stimulus) something in the environment that causes a response

  24. Operant conditioning focus • Rather than looking at what comes before a behavior ( the antecedent) • We should look at what follows the behavior ( the consequence)

  25. Operant conditioning in a formula • Spontaneous behavior->Consequence • Stimulus->Response

  26. Identify if it is a stimulus or a response • 1. _____ A flashing light • 2. _____ Answering this practice exercise • 3. _____ A stop sign • 4. _____ An ant crawling on your arm • 5. _____ Vomiting

  27. 6. _____ Coughing • 7. _____ The sound of heavy breathing • 8. _____ Seeing and smelling a piece of chocolate cake • 9. _____ Bad tasting medicine • 10. ____ Laughing • 11. ____ Screaming • 12. ____ A feather tickling your arm

  28. Thorndike’s law of Effect Thorndike’s Law of Effect • - behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened , while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8

  29. Skinner’s Operant conditioning • Operant response - a meaningful unit of behavior that can be measured and is modified by its consequences

  30. Shaping • - a procedure in which an experimenter successfully reinforces behaviors that lead up to or approximate the desired behavior • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA&NR=1 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04TDoiqohKQ

  31. Reinforcement B. A consequence occurs after a behavior and INCREASES the chance that the behavior will happen again

  32. Positive reinforcement • - something is ADDED which increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again • Sue studied for an exam and received an A. B- C- • Will Sue study more often?

  33. Which is an example of positive reinforcement? • Steven rarely smiled. His mom started giving him M&Ms when he would smile. Steven smiled more often. • Steven rarely smiled. His mom started giving him M&Ms when he would smile. Steven enjoyed the M&M’s

  34. Which one is an example of Positive reinforcement? A. Martha was a five-year-old girl who seldom played with the other children. Workers at the preschool began praising and admiring Martha more than they had before. As a result of this procedure, Martha's level of cooperative play with the other children increased. B. Martha was a five-year-old girl who seldom played with the other children. Workers at the preschool began praising and admiring Martha when she engaged in cooperative play with other children. As a result of this procedure Martha's level of cooperative play with the other children increased.

  35. Negative Reinforcement • - something is taken away which increases the likelihood that the behavior will happen again Sue studies so she does not fail B- C- Why is this negative reinforcement?

  36. Negative Reinforcement continued a. Avoidance - preventing the onset of a stimulus b. Escape - stopping the unpleasant stimulus Was Sue using escape or avoidance?

  37. Is this negative reinforcement? • I had a headache so I took Tylenol. The headache went away. Whenever I get headaches, I take tylenol. B- C

  38. B taking tylenol • C- headache goes away • My behavior of taking tylenol has increased • If I take the tylenol before I have a headache I am …. • If I take it when I have the headache I am …

  39. Is this Neg. reinforcement? • Sue and Dave got into an argument and Sue ran out of the room and slammed the door. The fight is over. Now whenever Dave starts to raise his voice, she leaves the room

  40. B- leave room • C- fight is over • Sue leaves the room more often to end fights.

  41. Types of Reinforcers a. Primary - something such as food or water something innately satisfying b. Secondary - any stimulus that acquired it’s reinforcing power through experience ex. Stickers, grades, money

  42. Schedules of Reinforcement • Schedules of reinforcement a. Continuous reinforcement every occurrence of the operant response results in delivery of the reinforcement

  43. b. Partial Reinforcement - refers to a situation in which responding is reinforced only some of the time • Fixed- set, doesn’t change • Variable –changes • Ratio- numbers • Interval-time

  44. Ratio Schedules 1. Fixed Ratio • reinforcement occurs only after a fixed number of responses • Results in fast rates of work (factory worker) 2. Variable ratio • a different number of responses is needed before reinforcement occurs • - results in consistent response (gambling)

  45. Interval schedules 3. Fixed Interval - a reinforcement occurs after a predetermined amount of time - Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 4. Variable Interval - the time in which reinforcement occurs changes slow and steady responding

  46. Punishment • C. Punishment • - consequence following the behavior decreases the likelihood that the behavior will happen again

  47. Positive Punishment • a consequence is added which decreases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again • ex. Your sister comes home late and your parents tell her she must watch your little brother the following weekend. Your sister never comes home late again. Your sister’s behavior… • B- C- • Babysitting was added and this made her not come home late again

  48. Negative Punishment • Something is taken away which decreases the likelihood that the behavior will happen again • Sue stayed out late and lost her car privileges. She never stayed out late again • B- C- • Car was taken away which decreased the likelihood that she would come home late again.

  49. Social Cognitive Theory - people learn through watching, modeling and imitating rewards are not necessary Attention - watch what the model does Memory - retaining information

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