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Conceptual exploration of the Kandel, E. R. (2000) and Swason (2008) articles

Conceptual exploration of the Kandel, E. R. (2000) and Swason (2008) articles. Takashi Yamauchi Texas A&M University. Kandel 2000. Main messages Localization of mental functions Elementary operations of cognitive functions are localized in the brain.

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Conceptual exploration of the Kandel, E. R. (2000) and Swason (2008) articles

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  1. Conceptual exploration of the Kandel, E. R. (2000) and Swason (2008) articles Takashi Yamauchi Texas A&M University

  2. Kandel 2000 • Main messages • Localization of mental functions • Elementary operations of cognitive functions are localized in the brain. • Affective traits and personality are also localized.

  3. Evidence: • Historical findings • Ramon y Cajal • Frantz Joseph Gall • Pierre Paul Broca • Karl Wernickie

  4. Swason (2009) • Basic characteristic • Interconnection between structure and function • Evolutionary perspective • Simple organisms that do not have a nervous system

  5. First multicellular animals (akin to modern-day sponges) • No nervous system • can’t move, but have smooth muscle cells. • These cells (independent effectors) react directly to environmental chemicals. • 3min • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW05vMziy2o&feature=fvsr • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3AdWGElTFw

  6. The first animal with a nervous system. • Jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydra • they can move (the first accomplishment of the nervous system appears to be locomotion). • 1min • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTXinF8ZVCo

  7. Sensory neurons & Motor neurons • the cells facing the external environment became specialized to detect stimuli. • Increased stimulus sensitivity • Faster responses • Some localization (sensory neurons responding to different stimulus modalities can be distributed in different body regions.

  8. Fig. 2.3 A: no nervous system. React directly to environmental stimuli (e.g., sponges) B: sensory neurons detect stimuli and send signals directly to effector cells (e.g., muscle). They are sensorimotor neurons. C: sensory neurons send signals to motor neurons, which send signals to effector cells.

  9. interneurons Fig. 2.5 • Bilateral symmetry • centralization • the division of the nervous system such as the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system • cephalization • the concentration of nervous tissues – head

  10. interneurons • Create convergence and divergence of information processing • Excitatory and inhibitory signals.

  11. vertebrates • Animals that have backbones • Originated 520 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion (Wikipedia) • The early stage of embryogenesis is basically the same in all vertebrates. • Differentiation of the CNS and heart appear first • Prenatal brain development • 2:19 min; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgT5rUQ9EmQ • 5:29 min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMDPP-Wy3sI&feature=related

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