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Emotions, Stress, and Health Chapter 11

Emotions, Stress, and Health Chapter 11. Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect—The PANAS Scales To introduce the idea of both positive and negative affect. Experienced Emotion. Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of them are present in infancy, except for contempt,

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Emotions, Stress, and Health Chapter 11

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  1. Emotions, Stress, and HealthChapter 11 Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect—The PANAS ScalesTo introduce the idea of both positive and negative affect

  2. Experienced Emotion Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of them are present in infancy, except for contempt, shame, and guilt. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

  3. Anger Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, 70-19 B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato 234-149 B.C.).

  4. Causes of Anger • People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable. • People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

  5. Catharsis Hypothesis Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.” Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

  6. Cultural & Gender Differences • Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music. • Anger breeds prejudice. The 9/11 attacks led to an intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims. • The expression of anger is more encouraged in cultures that do not promote group behavior than in cultures that do promote group behavior. Wolfgang Kaehler

  7. Happiness People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives.

  8. Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon When we feel happy we are more willing to help others.

  9. Subjective Well-Being Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise. http://web.fineliving.com

  10. Emotional Ups and Downs Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7 hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more or less the same throughout the day.

  11. Emotional Ups and Downs Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs tend to balance. Although grave diseases can bring individuals emotionally down, most people adapt. Courtesy of Anna Putt

  12. Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect • Studies of affective structure have consistently shown that positive and negative affect are the two primary dimensions of mood. • David Watson, Lee Clark, and Auke Tellegen’s developed a brief measures of positive and negative affect.

  13. Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect In the list of words, read each item and then indicate the extent to which you generally feel that way, that is, how you feel on the average. Use this scale: (next slide)

  14. 1=very slightly or not at all 2=a little 3=moderately 4=quite a bit 5=extremely Interested Distressed Excited Upset Strong Guilty Scared Hostile Enthusiastic Proud Irritable Alert Ashamed Inspired Nervous Determined Attentive Jittery Active Afraid

  15. Interested Distressed Excited Upset Strong Guilty Scared Hostile Enthusiastic Proud Irritable Alert Ashamed Inspired Nervous Determined Attentive Jittery Active Afraid Add all items in blue for PA scoreAdd all items in red for a NA score

  16. Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect • PA Scale: • interested • excited • strong • enthusiastic • proud • alert • inspired • determined • attentive • active • NA Scale: • distressed • upset • guilty • scared • hostile • irritable • ashamed • nervous • jittery • afraid

  17. Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect • Positive affect (PA) reflects the degree to which a person feels: • enthusiastic, active, and alert. • High PA constitutes a state of high energy, full concentration, and pleasurable engagement, • Low PA is marked by sadness and lethargy.

  18. Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect • Negative affect (NA) is a general dimension of: • subjective distress that subsumes a variety of aversive states, including: anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness • High NA indicates high levels of distress • Low NA is a state of calmness and serenity.

  19. Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect • Research has indicated that NA (negative affect) but not PA (positive affect) is related to stress and poor coping, health complaints, and frequency of unpleasant events. • In contrast, PA but not NA is related to levels of social activity and life satisfaction, as well as to the relative frequency of pleasant events.

  20. Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect • A large sample of undergraduates had means of: • 35.0 on the positive scales • 18.1 on the negative scales

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