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Explore the causes, development, and risk factors of cancers in today's world, including tobacco and alcohol use, diet, environmental factors, and genetic mutations.
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CANCERS: Why theupsurge in today's world? الدكتور سعيد أحمد ٤ صفر ١٤٣٣ه
SYNOPSIS • Introductions • Definitions of terms • The basics • What causes cancers? • How do Cancers develop? • What are the risk factors for cancers? • Prevention • Conclusions
INTRODUCTIONS • Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 7.6 million (around 13% of all deaths) in 2008 • Lung, stomach, liver, colon and breast cancer cause the most cancer deaths each year. • The most frequent types of cancer differ between men and women. • About 30% of cancer deaths are due to the five leading behavioral and dietary risks: high body mass index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use.
INTRODUCTIONS • In today’s world, age of incidence of many cancers are falling • Regional distribution lines are blurring, as many parts of the world are increasingly adopting the life-styles of others • Though, many cancers occur with advancing age, all age groups are affected • Mostly, parts of the body with rapidly dividing cell are more prone to cancers, although no part is completely immune
Definition of terms • Cancer: "an abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change” • Tumour (Neoplasm): an abnormal swelling, growth. It may or may not be a cancer. • Oncogene: an abnormal gene which initiates carcinogenesis when triggered by a potent carcinogen • TNF: Tumour necrosis factor
Definition of terms • Tumours of solid body structures are generally referred to as Cancer; while those of blood components are called Leukaemias • Carcinogen: any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causingcancer. • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death • Co-carcinogens are chemicals that do not necessarily cause cancer on their own, but promote the activity of other carcinogens in causing cancer.
What are the causes of Cancers? • Unknown • Age • Carcinogens • Radiations • Infections
What initiates cancer growth? • Tobacco smoking • Alcohol abuse • Food additives/contaminants • Urban air pollution • Excessive exposure to the Sun • Work-place Environment/hazards/chemicals • Viral infections, other diseases • Life-style • Body weight, obesity • Genetic make-up; mutations • Unstable immune system • Drugs
Why the upsurge in today’s world • Tobacco • Cigarette smoking is still a common habit worldwide, more so in the developing world • Contains several chemical substances, including nicotine and aflatoxin • Gradual, persistent assault on sub-cellular structures induce cancerous mutation • Association between cigarette smoking and some cancers are a scientific conclusion (>85%!) • It causes lung, kidney, stomach and other cancers
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Why the upsurge in today’s world • Alcohol • Physical contact causes damage to normal mucosa • Alcohol activates intracellular epithelial-to-messenchymal transition, a critical step in neoplasia • Alcoholic (fatty) liver, end-stage cirrhosis oesophageal cancer and PLCC are but a few inevitable repercussions of chronic alcohol use
Other drugs… • Hormonal contraceptives • Other steroids • Growth factor analogues • Skin bleaching agents • Herbal products
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Diet • Highly processed foods when metabolised release many reactive species damaging to cells • Increased intestinal transit time prolong contact of toxic residues with alimentary mucosa… metaplasia • Smoked, roasted, and high heat-cooked foods contain nitrosamines, aflatoxin, and other carcinogens
Other Foods… • Diet
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These come from house-hold generators in poorly ventilated locations, bad auto-mobile engines, to industrial effusion • Contains several chemical substances, all leading from mild respiratory disturbances, to lung cancer • Gradual but persistent assault on sub-cellular structures induce cancerous mutation • Result… Urban Air Pollution…
Results… • SKIN CANCER • RENAL CELL CA • GONADAL AND • LUNG CANCER! • Others
Aging… • The hands of the Clock ticks over everything living • Body tissues, and the genetic control over their activities EVENTUALLY wind up • More than 90% of men above 90years already have prostate cancer • Luckily, most will die with it, and not of it!
BRCA-I and BRCA-II are good examples of cancer related gene mutation • Women who inherit these genes have much higher risk of developing breast ca than those who do not • Increasing concurrence with other defects further raises the risk of actually developing cancer Genetic mishap
Radiations • Natural • Excessive exposure to sunlight, eg in albinos • Artificial • Industrial • Military • Research • Medical: investigative, therapeutic
Light of Hope • Natural mechanisms (TSgenes, TNF, several IL’s) take care of many potential CA’s before they manifest • Much information has been gathered about cause, course, prevention and possible treatments of many cancers
Prevention of Cancers • Healthy living • General knowledge and public enlightenment • Modifying and avoiding risk factors • Vaccination eg., against HPV • Screening • Early detection and treatment
Conclusions • Incidence of cancers is increasing, as age of onset is falling • Cancers result mostly from a hostile interaction between man and his environment • Much is now known about cancers, and many are now potentially curable • Natural diets, healthy living and protection of the environment go a long way in prevention
