Merrill: CDT

1. Merrill: CDT

2. Knowledge Components (Content) • Fact: e.g., five horses, a new building • Concept: e.g., animal, vehicle • Procedure: e.g., move the lever to the middle point • Principle: e.g., the rate of force is independent of the object’s mass

3. Performance • Remember • Use • Find

4. Knowledge Components (Content) Performance

5. Gagne (1965) Conditions of Learning: different outcomes require different conditions of learning. Conditions Behavior Criterion Remember fact: Drawings Pictures Diagrams recall 95% correct Word Materials Equipment Device Use Procedure demonstrate 3 trials

6. How to Operationally Represent the Knowledge Components? The theoretical framework for knowledge representation: 1) Subject-matter taxonomy 2) Performance taxonomy

7. Subject-Matter Taxonomy • Theory consists of constructs which are collectively operationalized to define/explain a phenomenon. • What is a construct? Construct Operation Domain Range Polar bear Grizzly bear Black bear Brown bear Include Bear (concept) (facts)

8. Subject-Matter Taxonomy CONSTRUCT OperationExample • Fact: Identity is represented by • Subset: Include are kinds of • Concept: Intersection if both are present • Step: Order do 1 before 2 • Principle: Causal causes Identity operation Descriptive operation Productive operation

9. Performance Taxonomy Various kinds of memorization • associative • episodic • image • algorithmic associative algorithmic

10. Performance Taxonomy • Associative Memory (static by nature) • Remember-verbatim • Remember-paraphrase Literal retrieval of information (e.g., is represented by) Integrative retrieval of information (e.g., is similar to)

11. Performance Taxonomy • Algorithmic Memory (dynamic by nature) • Adaptive/integrating • Occur at the Use level. The schema is called to accommodate the new information • Reorganization • Occur at Find level. Use inductive skills to create a new schema to account for differences, similarities or changes between the existing schema and new materials