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Introduction to cells

Introduction to cells. What are they made of? What do they do?. What are cells made of?. Atoms and molecules Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus Calcium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium And a few others Elements: all atoms are the same

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Introduction to cells

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  1. Introduction to cells What are they made of? What do they do?

  2. What are cells made of? • Atoms and molecules • Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus • Calcium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium • And a few others • Elements: all atoms are the same • Compounds: atoms are combined into molecules

  3. Large molecules are called macromolecules • Carbohydrates are made of sugar • Starch, glycogen, and cellulose • Structure • Energy source • Involved in cell-cell interaction

  4. Lipids do not dissolve in water phopsholipid Triglyceride (fat or oil) steroid

  5. Proteins are the most diverse molecules martin-protean.com bestsourceofprotein.net

  6. Nucleic acids • DNA: storage of genetic information • RNA: helps convert stored information to gene products • ATP, GTP: energy carriers in cells phikaainnadyahasan.blogspot.com

  7. Molecules and cells • All of these molecules are found in cells • What do cells look like? • What do they do? • What is the relationship between structure and function?

  8. Not all cells look alike!

  9. Three basic parts • When you look with a light microscope you can see: • Nucleus • Cytoplasm • Cell membrane • All of the other organelles are too small to see without a special microscope

  10. The cell (plasma) membrane • “Phospholipidbilayer” • “Selectively permeable” • Regulates what comes into the cells, and what goes out • Some substances pass through the bilayer • Some proteins act as channels • Some proteins act as receptors

  11. Protein synthesis is a major cell function Golgi finishes and sorts the proteins Ribosomes and rough ER start the process

  12. Lysosomes are the garbage disposals of the cells • Digestive enzymes, acidic pH • Depending on the cell: • Kill bacteria • Break down cholesterol • Detoxify drugs • Destroy and recycle old organelles Lysosomal disorders can be fatal Britannica.com

  13. Mitochondrion is the metabolic center of the cell • Most ATP is generated there • Sugar and other energy sources are metabolized there • Some cells have more mitochondria than others

  14. Cell nucleus contains the DNA • Ribosomes are formed in the nucleolus • Chromatin: DNA wrapped around protein • Chromatin is organized into chromosomes • That is where the genes are!

  15. Some animations and other resources for studying cells and organelles: • tour of a virtual cell • You Tube; also contains many other links • collection of cell animations • A collection of many cellular processes as well as a tour of organelles There are many, many other sites!

  16. “Emergent properties” How do organ systems mimic what cells do?

  17. What is the life cycle of a cell? How does a cell “decide” to divide?

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