Key issues

1. Key issues • Why – objectives: CBM (in this case) but be clear on each stakeholder’s objectives • What is their involvement – level of participation identified and clear from the outset • Who is involved – Stakeholders identified and kind of participation agreed and clear • How – attitudes and behaviour, methods and process design

2. How (to facilitate participation)? • Attitudes and behaviour √ • Methods – e.g. PRA/PLA tools • Good process

3. Participatory Rural AppraisalParticipatory Learning and Action • PRA / PLA is a family of approaches and methods to enable local people to share, enhance and analyse their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and to act.

4. Participatory Rural AppraisalParticipatory Learning and Action • The behaviour and attitudes of outsider facilitators are crucial, including relaxing not rushing, showing respect, ‘handing over the stick’, and being self-critically aware. • Investigation, sharing and analysis is done by and for the people, and is often visual, and in groups.

5. Video • Key issues 2/2

6. Community steps

7. Community steps Facilitation steps

8. Core of PLA Facilitating: They do it, empowering and enabling villagers to do more or all of the investigation and analysis. Our behavior and attitudes: the behavior and rapport of the facilitators is more important than the methods – asking villagers to teach us, “handing over the stick/pen” A culture of sharing: of information, of methods, of food, of experiences

9. Core of PLA Critical self-awareness: about our attitudes and behavior, learning from error, trying to do better – “Failing forwards” Listening and learning instead of lecturing: “Knowledge should be on tap not on top” NOT Imposing our ideas and values on them, interrupting them, allowing our project pressures to affect the process It must be fun

10. Community steps Facilitation steps PLA tools

11. Methods and tools e.g. PRA/PLA Watch the following video and look out for these tools especially: • Mapping • Historical profile / timeline • Seasonal calendar • Matrix - Action plan • AND also watch how the facilitators behave

12. Video • Mangrove use in Pakistan

13. Methods Mapping tool • Form 4 groups • One of the group is randomly selected as facilitator and must facilitate the group following the advice received in this course. One of the group is observer and watches process noting good things and things that could be improved of facilitator. • Facilitator follows the guidelines in the handout for mapping and using the example of ……. • Make sure that you end by getting the group to note on separate post-its things they think need to be changed i.e. problems (one thing per post it) • 45 minutes

14. Methods Mapping debrief • Show maps and consider the way they have been done – whose has most useful information and why? • Facilitator encouraged discussion? • Challenging for facilitator to keep knowledge “on tap” • Time and pressure

16. Methods Mapping comments • Attitudes – questioning technique, probing – did the facilitator encourage discussion • Biases – who in, who left out etc. • Work the map – interview the map • Careful of “interpreting” • Awareness and be self critical • Triangulation • Value of diversity – represent different interests, don’t lose the detail

17. Methods Historical profile • Used to stimulate discussion on changes affecting the community and possible causes – useful for e.g. resource degradation or development • An example format could be:

18. Historical profilepractical • 4 groups • New randomly selected facilitator • Facilitate the group using the handout to discuss changes affecting … • 30 minutes

19. Historical profile • Walk around and look at the other work • See who has most information • Discuss highlights

20. Some more key terms • Facilitate • Triangulate • Optimal ignorance • Objective driven – not tools driven • Improvise

21. Methods Video - Tools Vatulele - Ecowoman Look out for: • Resource mapping • Matrix scoring • Network diagrams • Impact flow • Problem trees

22. Methods Seasonal calendar • Seasonal calendars are tools to help your community chart periodic events such as agricultural events, marine resource use, fishing times, spawning or migration, changes in prices, times of high labour demand or the different ceremonies in the village.

23. Seasonal calendar

24. Seasonal calendar • 4 groups • New facilitator following handout • 30 minutes

25. Seasonal calendar • Check other groups work • Which one seems most useful? Why?

26. Community steps Facilitation steps PLA tools

27. Practical exercise • Participants divide into groups • Facilitate a meeting in nearby community/s for half a day • Spend 2-4 hours preparing teams • Debrief and evaluate on return • Remember to follow appropriate procedures for engaging with village – e.g. why are you there, what do they get out of it, permissions, meals/refreshment etc

28. Checklist for practical • Objectives e.g. • Practice and learn tools for CBRM • Share experience and awareness of local situation • Agenda and process • Intro • Group making • Tools • Plenary • Roles and jobs • Materials • Logistics (transport and food) • Follow-up and next steps

29. Matrix for evaluation of practical exercise Evaluate the work your group did, particularly: • Objectives • Groups and group-making • Tools • Facilitation • End/follow-up • Others? (timing, logistics, materials etc.)