APUSH: Chapter 25

1. APUSH: Chapter 25 The Global Crisis, 1921-1941 pp. 687-695 pp. 695-702

2. The Diplomacy of the New Era • Critics of foreign policy → called it isolationism • Rejected the Wilsonian vision • Turned its back on the globe • In fact → U.S. played an active role in world affairs in the 1920’s

3. Replacing the League • Rejection of the Treaty of Versailles • Washington Conference of 1921 → prevent naval arms race • Kellogg-Briand Pact → make war illegal

4. Debts and Diplomacy • 1st goal of American diplomacy → open access to trade • Allied war loans and German reparations • Dawes Plan → loans to Germany → Germans pay reparations → allies repay loans • Econ expansion in Latin America

5. Hoover and the World Crisis • Great Depression → rising nationalism, weakened int’l agreements, rise of dictators • Hoover avoided interventionism in Latin America

6. Fascism • Benito Mussolini → il duce→Fascist Party in Italy • Weakness of the Weimar Republic • Hyperinflation and unemployment • Growing power of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist (Nazi) Party • Aryan racial theories, “master race”, lebensraum/living space, anti-Semitism, militarism

7. Prelude to War… • Japan invades Manchuria in China in 1931 → League does nothing • By the time Hoover leaves office in 1933 → failure of America’s interwar diplomacy

8. Isolationism and Internationalism • FDR faced two challenges → economic crisis and the collapse of the international order • Depression leads to international political chaos • America turns inward and does little to try restore world stability

9. Depression Diplomacy • FDR → no interest in international currency stabilization or settlement of war debt • Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934 → lowered some tariffs

10. America and the Soviet Union • U.S. had never recognized the Soviet Union • In 1933 the Roosevelt administration establishes diplomatic relation w/USSR • Both side viewed each other w/distrust

11. The Good Neighbor Policy • “Good Neighbor Policy” → American effort to enhance diplomacy and econ relations w/Latin America • Improved trade • Non-intervention

12. The Rise of Isolationism • Failure of the Geneva arms control conference • Japan w/draws from London Naval Conference • Support for isolationism • Disillusionment of the Wilsonians • Nye Committee → populists → entry into WW I done to help bankers and big business • Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937

13. 1935 → Mussolini invades Ethiopia → forms Axis alliance w/Nazi Germany → League does nothing

14. Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 • General Francisco Franco and the Fascists rebel against the Spanish Republic • Hitler and Mussolini help Franco • Stalin helps the Republic

15. FDR’s “Quarantine” speech → hostile public reaction • Japan sinks the U.S. gunboat Panay in China → no reaction

16. The Failure of Munich • 1936 Hitler reoccupies the Rhineland → violation of the Treaty of Versailles • 1938 Anschluss → Hitler annexes Austria • Lebensraum → “living space” • Sudetenland→ western Czechoslovakia → ethnic German population → Hitler demands that it be ceded to Germany or war • Munich Conference 1938 → Britain and France gives Hitler what he wants in Czechoslovakia • Policy of “appeasement” → give Hitler what he wants to avoid war

17. Hitler-Stalin Nonaggression Pact • Hitler makes demands in Poland • Hitler and Stalin sign a non-aggression treaty → secretly agree to divide up Poland

18. September 1, 1939 → Hitler invades Poland → WW II begins

19. Blitzkrieg

20. From Neutrality to Intervention • At the start of the war → U.S. remains neutral • FDR is sympathetic to Britain, France and the Allies

21. Neutrality Tested • Cash-and-Carry • Forbid U.S. ships in war zone

22. Winter to Spring 1939-1940 → “the phony war → no fighting

23. Maginot Line

24. Fall of France • Spring 1940 → Hitler invades Denmark and Norway→ conquers Netherlands and Belgiumand invades France • Fall of France • Dunkirk • Vichy France

25. The Miracle at Dunkirk

26. Neutrality Tested • Increased American defense spending • Shift in public opinion → rising fear of German victories • Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies → interventionists • America First Committee→ isolationists

27. Battle of Britain → Hitler’s air war against England → "'If the Empire lasts a thousand years men will say, this was their finest hour'“ – Winston Churchill

28. London Blitz

30. The Third Term Campaign • FDR breaks with tradition and runs for a third term • Roosevelt runs as a centrist → doesn’t favor extreme isolationists or extreme interventionists • Wendell Willkie → Republicans run a popular but inexperienced business man • FDR wins again in a landslide

31. Neutrality Abandoned • “Lend-Lease” → allowed the U.S. to provide arms to Britain w/out violating the Neutrality Acts • June 1941 → Hitler breaks the Nazi-Soviet Pact → invades the USSR • September 1941 → arming of American merchant vessels • Atlantic Charter → Roosevelt and Churchill meet → set out common principles

32. Lend-Lease Act

33. Operation Barbarossa Hitler → (Mein Kampf) → Slavic people were subhuman June 22, 1941 Germany attacks the USSR 3 million troops quickly take 500,000 square miles

34. The Road to Pearl Harbor • The Tripartite Pact → Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis • U.S. trade embargo w/Japan → cut off access to oil • General Hideki Tojo → military ruler of Japan → refuses to compromise on China → Tokyo’s decision for war

35. December 7, 1941 → air and naval forces of Japan attack the U.S. at Peal Harbor in Hawaii

37. “This is a day that will live in infamy” – FDR Overnight the American people become pro-war → the next day FDR addresses Congress and war is declared Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.

38. “We have awakened a sleeping giant and filled him with great resolve.” Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto