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HISTORICAL PERIOD 8 Part 1: AMSCO Ch. 26 THE COLD WAR BEGINS (1945-1952)

Explore the impact of the GI Bill, Baby Boom, and suburban housing boom post-World War II. Dive into Truman's domestic and foreign policies, the origins of the Cold War, the Korean War, and the Second Red Scare. Discover key events like the creation of NATO and the Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, Berlin Airlift, and more. Understand the escalation of tensions in Asia, from Japan's reconstruction to the Korean War. Delve into the National Security Act of 1947 and the rise of nuclear proliferation during this crucial historical period.

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HISTORICAL PERIOD 8 Part 1: AMSCO Ch. 26 THE COLD WAR BEGINS (1945-1952)

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  1. HISTORICAL PERIOD 8Part 1:AMSCO Ch. 26THE COLD WAR BEGINS (1945-1952) Make sure you can demonstrate knowledge of: GI Bill Baby Boom Post-war suburban housing boom Growth of Sunbelt states Truman domestic politics Truman Cold War Foreign Policy

  2. TRUMAN and the COLD WAR POST-WAR POLITICS • Truman tries to continue New Deal • Employment Act of 1946 • Council of Economic Advisors • New Deal ideas stopped by conservative coalition • 1946-1947 economy: high inflation • Civil Rights under Truman • Committee on Civil Rights • Truman ordered end of racial discrimination in fed. Gov., including desegregation of military • Congress goes Republican: 1947

  3. TRUMAN and the COLD WAR POSTWAR POLITICS • Congress goes Republican: 1947 • 22nd Amendment • Taft-Hartley Act (1947): anti-union, outlawed closed shops • Election of 1848: Surprise victory for Truman • The Fair Deal: Truman’s Domestic program • National healthcare insurance (blocked) • Federal aid for education (blocked) • Civil rights legislation (blocked) • Fed. Funds for public housing (blocked) • New farm subsidies (blocked) • Increase in minimum wage 40 to 75 cents an hour (passed) • Add more workers under Soc. Security. (passed)

  4. ORIGINS OF COLD WAR • Why did it start? Truman hero: stop commies • Soviet takes control of Eastern Europe. • Iron Curtain • German occupation zones. Conflicting plans • Eastern sector • Truman’s Containment Policy: Contain communism • The lesson of Munich: Do not Appease. • Contain Soviet aggression

  5. ORIGINS OF COLD WAR • Truman Doctrine: The U.S. will aid any country trying to prevent communist take-over. • Marshall Plan: European Recovery Program ($17 billion) • U.S. $$$ to help Europe recover. Reduce attraction to communism. Strengthen democracy • Soviets were offered but rejected any aid. • Berlin Airlift: In response to Soviets cutting off ground access to West Berlin. June 1948-May 1949. • It worked! • Huge PR success for U.S. • Truman wins 1948 election partly because of it

  6. COLD WAR (Early Years) • NATO created (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) * Soviets create Warsaw Pact in response * This started a major military buildup 8. National Security Act of 1947. * Dept. of Defense replaced Dept. of War. * National Security Council (Cold War foreign policy) * Created the CIA 9. Nuclear Proliferation • From 1945-1949: Only U.S. had the bomb • Soviets get bomb in 1949 • H-Bomb introduced in 1952 (1,000 times more powerful than Hiroshima A-bomb) • NSC-68 Secret Report issue: Huge increase in Cold War $$

  7. COLD WAR In ASIA • Japan: Solely under the control of U.S. • Gen. Douglas MacArthur in charge of Japan. • U.S. occupied and reconstructed Japan between 1945-1951. • New Constitution: Parliament; Emperor gave up divinity claim. • Japan became totally dependent on U.S. military for defense. • U.S.-Japan Security Treaties • Japan surrendered claims to Korea • Occupation ended in 1951 • U.S. troops remain on military bases for protection • Japan prospered and became very strong ally of U.S. • The Philippines • July 4, 1946: the Philippines became independent

  8. COLD WAR In ASIA • China • At end of WWII, civil war started again between • Chinese Nationalists v. Chinese Communists • U.S. policy was hesitant. We tried to aid the Nationalists, but it failed • Truman said no to U.S. military intervention • 1949: China fell to communists • Chaing and his Nationalists escaped to Taiwan • U.S. finally recognized Communist China in 1979!

  9. COLD WAR In ASIA • The Korean War (1950-1952) • After Japan’s defeat, Korea divided along 38th parallel. • By 1949, North in control by Communists Kim Il Sung, South controlled by conservative nationalist. • June 25, 1950: North invades the south. • Truman’s “containment policy” kicks in. • U.N. authorized military action • Congress supported the use of U.S. troops but refused to declare war. Accepted Truman’s description of “police action” • First year: Communist forces dominated • MacArthur in charge: Counterattack; almost to the Chinese border! • Chinese get involved and push U.S. forces down to 38th • Truman v. MacArthur: • MacArthur wanted to invade China. Truman told him to stop criticizing president. • MacArthur kept on speaking out. Truman fired him • Armistice: 54,000 Americans later, an armistice ended the fighting. A “cease fire” has held ever since, but the war never officially over. • Political Consequences: • The Korean War showed that “containment policy” worked • Gave political justification for huge increases in defense spending • Loss of china and the “stalemate” in Korea caused Republicans to accuse Truman and Democrats as being “soft on communism”

  10. The Second Red Scare • A second wave of fear happened after WWII • Under Republican pressure, Truman set up the Loyalty Review Board: (1947-1951) • Investigate background of 3 million fed employees • Thousand resigned or lost job. • Prosecutions under the Smith Act of 1940 • Smith Act (1940): Made it illegal to belong to any organization that advocated the overthrow of the government • U.S. Supreme Court: Dennis v. U.S.: It’s constitutional • McCarran Internal Security Act (1950): • Made it illegal to support establishment of totalitarian government • Restricted employment and travel of Americans joining Communist Front organizations • Authorized creation of detention camps for subversives

  11. The Second Red Scare • HUAC: (Originally created in 1939 to seek out Nazis) • Reactivated after WW II to find communists • Looked for communists in the Boy Scouts and in Hollywood • Many writers, actors, directors were blacklisted because they refused to testify in front of HUAC • Cultural Impact • The Second Red Scare had profound effect on freedom of expression • Example: Musical South Pacific: Communist assault of Southern racial segregation! • Loyalty oaths required from fed. Employees, writers, teachers

  12. The Second Red Scare • Espionage cases: • Hiss Case: HUAC in 1948, led by Richard Nixon, investigated high official of U.S. State Department Alger Hiss. • Hiss convicted of perjury in 1950 and sent to prison • McCarthyism • Joseph McCarthy: U.S. Senator from Wisconsin, Used steady stream of accusations of communists in the State Department to promote himself and attack Truman Admin. • His power and influence was based entirely on fear. He never produced any evidence. • Army-McCarthy Hearings: 1954 • McCarthy exposed has reckless and cruel • He started accusing Generals of being communists! • Senate censured him in 1954.

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