Conductive Polymers

1. Conductive Polymers Kevin Chiou, Jacob Sullivan, Yuchen (Tai) Yang, Ryan Kowalski

2. Outline • Intro & History • Mechanisms • Structures • Processing & Problems • Application • Trends http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PRrveHw4IFA/TzP22OespXI/AAAAAAAABLY/P7BInJN9-5E/s1600/new-solar-cells-efficiency.jpg

3. History • Discovered in 19th century • 1862 - Henery Letheby - physician • 1963 - Australian scientists • 1977 - Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa

4. Nobel Prize Winners http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/

5. Nobel Prize Experiment • "Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: Halogen derivatives of polyacetylene (CH)n" - 1977 • trans-polyacetylene - an accident • Reacted with bromine, chlorine, iodine vapors • Conductivity increased by X 107 - HOW? http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/popular.html

6. Outline • Intro & History • Mechanisms • Structures • Processing & Problems • Application • Trends http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PRrveHw4IFA/TzP22OespXI/AAAAAAAABLY/P7BInJN9-5E/s1600/new-solar-cells-efficiency.jpg

7. Doping - disturbance of electron • oxidation (p-doping) - removal of electron Ex: halogen addition (CH)n + 3x/2 I2 --> (CH)nx+ + x I3- • reduction (n-doping) - addition of electron Ex: alkali metal addition (CH)n + x Na --> (CH)nx- + x Na+

8. Doped Names • Dopant - removes or add electron • Polaron - a radical cation • Counterion - I3-

9. Doping some Polyacetylene • Dopant removes electron • Results in "hole" and Polaron • Polaron stabilize by counterion • movement of electrons result in conductivity • Lots of doping allows movement of Polaron • This is all because of CONJUGATION www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/advanced-chemistryprize2000.pdf

10. Outline • Intro & History • Mechanisms • Structures • Processing & Problems • Application • Trends http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PRrveHw4IFA/TzP22OespXI/AAAAAAAABLY/P7BInJN9-5E/s1600/new-solar-cells-efficiency.jpg

11. Bond Conjugation 1,3-butadiene Polyacetylene Skotheim, Terje. Handbook of Conducting Polymers. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998. Wade, L. G. Organic Chemistry. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003.

12. Bond Conjugation Polyaniline Polythiophene Skotheim, Terje. Handbook of Conducting Polymers. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998. Wade, L. G. Organic Chemistry. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003.

13. Semiconductor Levels Skotheim, Terje. Handbook of Conducting Polymers. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998. Wade, L. G. Organic Chemistry. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003.

14. Semiconductor Levels Band Gap Housecroft, Catherine and Sharpe Alan. Inorganic Chemistry. Essex, England: Pearson, 2008.

15. Dopants and Band Theory Donor Level Band Gap Acceptor Level Energy N-Type P-Type Housecroft, Catherine and Sharpe Alan. Inorganic Chemistry. Essex, England: Pearson, 2008.

16. Outline • Intro & History • Mechanisms • Structures • Processing & Problems • Application • Trends http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PRrveHw4IFA/TzP22OespXI/AAAAAAAABLY/P7BInJN9-5E/s1600/new-solar-cells-efficiency.jpg

17. Putting it to Use: Dispersion • Flexible Design • Possible for dispersion in melt or solvents "Dispersion Solution" http://www.alibaba.com/product-tp/115201760/CURCUMIN_DISPERSION_LIQUID_20_.html

18. Putting it to Use: Solvation Mold "Brown Solution" http://www.trinity.edu/fwalmsle/MandMFiles/ColorsOfCoatedCandies.htm

19. Putting it to Use: Melting Heat • Melt Spin Fibers • Processed like any thermoplastic "Snowman Melting" http://www.clipartof.com/gallery/clipart/melting_snowman.html

20. Problems in Application Moisture Unprotected Conductive Polymer Impact Counter Measures • Surface treatment • Composite • Copolymerization • Cheap raw material Problems • Instability in moisture • Brittle material • Degradation over time • Expensive processing cost Skotheim, T., Elsenbaumer, R., and Reynolds, J., Eds.; Handbook of Conducting Polymers Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, 1998

21. Outline • Intro & History • Mechanisms • Structures • Processing & Problems • Application • Trends http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PRrveHw4IFA/TzP22OespXI/AAAAAAAABLY/P7BInJN9-5E/s1600/new-solar-cells-efficiency.jpg

22. Current Applications http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS7mhF46_ZMEbiRzBGjRBra6yYZWo90O5eEkp5YwFOByS9PigMYlt-29i8dfA http://www.getfreeimage.com/image/428/computer-circuit-board http://cdn.mos.techradar.com/classifications/gadgets/phones/mobile-phones/Android%20-%20Google/Google%20Nexus%20One/Google-Nexus-One-Android-Official-580-75.jpg http://www.labnol.org/software/office-photocopy-machines-store-data/13680/

23. Future Applications http://www.panoramaimprovements.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/go_green_house.11141045_std.jpg http://ashcollcareers.wikispaces.com/file/view/surgeon.gif/249621290/surgeon.gif http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/lightning-gallery-18.jpg http://www.apexds.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/spy-gadgets-for-kids.jpg

24. Outline • Intro & History • Mechanisms • Structures • Processing & Problems • Application • Trends http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PRrveHw4IFA/TzP22OespXI/AAAAAAAABLY/P7BInJN9-5E/s1600/new-solar-cells-efficiency.jpg

25. Trends Conductive polymers are very diverse • Molecular and Material Architecture • Conductive Properties • Processing Transition from lab to marketplace Many applications to be discovered http://www.flatpanelshd.com/pictures/lg55em9600-1.jpg