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Sectional Conflict & Crisis: Slavery in US Territories 1844-1861

Explore the Wilmot Proviso, Popular Sovereignty, Compromise of 1850, and key events fueling the slavery debate in the US during this period. Learn about major figures, conflicts, and reactions shaping American history at the brink of the Civil War.

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Sectional Conflict & Crisis: Slavery in US Territories 1844-1861

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  1. Chapter 16 The Crisis of Union

  2. APUSH PowerPoint #4.6 (Part 1 of 2) Unit #5 Chapter 12 BFW Textbook TOPIC – Sectional Conflict & Crisis [1844-1861]

  3. I.Slavery in the Territories

  4. Wilmot Proviso a. David Wilmot (Democratic- PA) b. Pro-Texas as a slave state c. Against the spread of slavery in new territories d. Senate votes against it Calhoun’s Resolutions Popular Sovereignty A. Proposals

  5. Calhoun’s Resolutions a. John C. Calhoun had no apology for slavery b. Violation of the Fifth’s Amendment (Cannot deprive someone of their life, liberty, or property A. Proposals (Cont’d . . .)

  6. Popular Sovereignty a. Supported by a new brand of moderates: Thomas Hart Benton (Missouri), Lewis Cass (Michigan), and Stephen A. Douglas (Illinois) b. “Squatter Sovereignty” c. Citizens in a territory used democratic principles to decide which way the territory would become A. Proposals (Cont’d . . .)

  7. Support for Oregon as a Free State Polk’s Endorsement B. Oregon as Free State

  8. Whigs & Taylor a. The Wilmot Proviso fueled the debate over slavery in the 1848 Presidential Election. b. Several factions united in support of the Wilmot Proviso. C. Election of 1848

  9. Free-soil Coalition a. Barnburners (New York antislavery supporters of Martin Van Buren). b. Conscience Whigs (Massachusetts opponents of slavery who disapproved of Zachary Taylor). c. Liberty Party (Organized in 1840) d. Martin Van Buren (nominated by the Free-Soilers) C. Election of 1848 (Cont’d . . . )

  10. Free-Soil Party a. Political formed in 1848 to pledge the end of the expansion of slavery. b. Promised “free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.” c. Nominated Martin Van Buren C. Election of 1848 (Cont’d . . . )

  11. Results Presidential Election of 1848

  12. Zachary Taylor 12th President 1849--1850 Party:Whig Home State: Louisiana Vice President: Millard Fillmore

  13. Domestic Opposed the Compromise of 1850 Nickname “Old Rough & Ready” Second president to die in office (1850) Foreign Zachary Taylor

  14. “Gold Rush” a. Migration began the moment gold was discovered (January 24, 1848) b. The mining frontier began and continued to grow as new concepts of mining were used to acquire gold D. California

  15. Statehood a. In 1849, California’s 80,000 residents drafted a state constitution and asked to be admitted as a “free” state. b. California’s petition for statehood sparked more controversy in 1850. D. California (Cont’d . . .)

  16. II. The Compromise of 1850

  17. Controversies a. Slavery in California? b. President Taylor supported free-state status c. Battle in Congress (pro- versus anti-slavery forces) Participants A. The Context

  18. Clay’s Eight Proposals a. Admit California as “free state” b. Organize Utah and New Mexico as territories c. Deny Texas claim to New Mexico’s territory d. Pre-annexation Texas debts paid by Federals e. Maintain legal slavery status in nation’s capital f. Support federal “fugitive Slave Act” g. Interstate slave trade should be denied to Congress B. Initial Positions

  19. Calhoun’s Reply (March 4, 1850) a. Support of states’ rights (including new territories) b. Return of fugitive slaves to the South c. Equilibrium to the Senate Webster’s Plea for Union Seward’s Antislavery Reply Comprehensive Bill B. Initial Positions (Cont’d . . .)

  20. The Great Debate of 1850 B. Initial Positions (Cont’d . . .)

  21. Fillmore Succeeds Taylor a. President Zachary Taylor opposed the compromise, but died in the summer of 1850. b. Vice-President Millard Fillmore supported the Compromise. C.Reaching a Compromise

  22. Millard Fillmore 13th President 1850--1853 Party:Whig Home State: New York Vice President: None

  23. Domestic Second Vice President to become President following the death of Zachary Taylor Supported the Compromise of 1850 Signed the Fugitive Slave Act (1850) Foreign Millard Fillmore

  24. Douglas’s Strategy a. Illinois Senator who was nicknamed, “the Little Giant” b. Helped support the Compromise in Congress which was broken into five distinct plans C.Reaching a Compromise(Cont’d . . .)

  25. Terms of Compromise California was admitted as a free state. Declared the unorganized western territories free. Utah and New Mexico territories were able to decide the slave issue by popular sovereignty. The Fugitive Slave Act would be passed with stricter laws. The slave trade in Washington, D.C. was prohibited. C.Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .)

  26. Compromise of 1850 C.Reaching a Compromise(Cont’d . . .)

  27. Protests Against Fugitive Slave Law a. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 struck a cord in the North as abolitionists attacked it morally. Personal Liberty Laws a. Northern states passed the “liberty” statutes to allow states to arrest slave catchers. b. Abolitionists organized and violence broke out in the west and the border states. D.Antislavery Reaction

  28. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Authored by Harriett Beecher Stowe. The story portrayed the evils of slavery in the South. The novel sold hundreds of thousands of copies both in the United States and Europe in the early 1850s. The significance was an increase in abolitionist activity in the North and a flurry of anti-slavery rhetoric in Europe. D.Antislavery Reaction (Cont’d . . .)

  29. Harriett Beecher Stowe D.Antislavery Reaction (Cont’d . . .)

  30. Candidates a. The Whig Party ran Winfield Scott. b. The Democratic Party ran Franklin Pierce. c. Whigs offered resistance to the Compromise of 1850, while Democrats continued its support. d. Franklin Pierce won the election due to his Northern ties (home state of New Hampshire) and Southern support on the slave issue. E.Election of 1852

  31. E.Election of 1852

  32. Franklin Pierce 14th President 1853--1857 Party:Democratic Home State: New Hampshire Vice President: William Rufus King

  33. Domestic Congress passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Sent troops into “Bleeding Kansas” Foreign Franklin Pierce

  34. III.Foreign Affairs

  35. Cuba a. Issues over Cuba (a colony of Spain) b. Spain’s navy harassed American shipping Ostend Manifesto a. A statement by the Pierce Administration that if Spain refused to sell Cuba, then it would be taken by force b. When news of the Manifesto reached the papers, it was quickly disavowed A. Ostend Manifesto

  36. Opening of China a. Missionary work b. Opened for trade in 1858 Commodore Perry in Japan a. Mathew Perry was sent in 1853 to open up trade in Japan b. Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) B.Diplomacy in the Pacific

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