Unit #3: Introductory Questions

1. Unit #3: Introductory Questions Animal Systems & Behavior (Ch. 51 & 41-49)

2. Introductory Questions #1 1) How are proximate causes different from ultimate causes of behavior? 2) Name four different types of learning and provide one example of each. 3) Which type of learning is more complex than the others. Why? • How is habituation different from any other type of learning? • How do circadian rhythms effect behavior? • Name three ways in which animals communicate. • What is meant by inclusive fitness? How does altruistic behavior benefit a species? (see pg. 1128-1129)

3. Introductory Questions #2 (Ch. 49) Name the four basic functions of sensory neurons. Name five different types of specialized neurons used to receive external stimuli. What is sensed by a nocioreceptor? What is substance P? What substance can be used to block the release of substance P? What role do prostaglandins play? (See pg. 1048-1049) What are the five basic senses in humans? Match one of these five with each structure listed below: -olfactory -statoliths -pacinain corpuscle -oval window -rods & cones -taste buds -lateral line system -rhodopsin -saccule & utricle (otoliths) -incus & stapes -sclera, cornea, retina -vitreous humor -tectorial, basilar, tympanic membranes

4. Introductory Questions #3 Name three proteins embedded in the cell membrane that are important for signal transduction to occur. fluid contained in these spaces. How does the structure of the basilar membrane allow for us to perceive the pitch of a sound wave? Name three differences between the rods and cones found in the retina. How is the optic disk different from the fovea structure in the eye. Name three bones that are a part of the appendicular skeleton. Give an example of a hinge joint. What role does calcium play when a muscle contracts? What molecule binds to calcium? Where is calcium stored? What does ATP do to help our muscles contract? When the myofibrils (actin/myosin) slide past each other, what happens to the I band, A band, and H zone during contraction? (look at the animation that is hyperliked) How is myoglobin different from hemoglobin? How is an isometric different from an isotonic exercise? Where are smooth muscles and cardiac muscles located? Which is more costly energetically: Swimming, running or flying? Briefly explain your response. (see pg. 1074)

5. Introductory Questions #4 What is the name of the small spaces that exist between the neurons? Can you give an example of a chemical that can be found in this space? (see 48.1 on pg 1024) How is the resting potential different from an action potential? What does it mean when a membrane is “Depolarized” and “Repolarized”? What causes the cell membrane to become polarized in a neuron? What are the major ions associated with generating a membrane potential? Which ions are present in large amounts inside and outside the cell? What causes the inside of the cell to be more negative (less positive) compared with the outside? How much of a difference is there? What are the three layers of the meninges? Which layer is the outermost layer? How is the sympathetic and parasympathetic different from each other? Which one causes the heart to accelerate, pupils to dialate, and inhibit salivary gland secretion? Name the three main parts that make up the hindbrain. (pg. 1028)

6. Introductory Questions #5 Before any type of circulatory was established, how did organisms move substances throughout the body as with sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, and nematodes Define the following: Hemolymph, hemocoel, hemocyanin, and interstitial fluid. What is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system? List all of the structures that a red blood cells will encounter as it circulates throughout the body beginning with the Vena cava. Give three differences between an artery and a vein.

7. IQ #6 Pulmonaryartery 11. vessel Aorta 10. vessel Pulmonaryartery 1. vessel Superiorvena cava LEFTATRIUM 2. chamber RIGHTATRIUM Pulmonaryveins Pulmonaryveins 9. vessels 3. valve Semilunarvalve Semilunarvalve 8. valve Atrioventricularvalve 7. valve Atrioventricularvalve 4. vessel Inferiorvena cava 5. chamber RIGHTVENTRICLE 6. chamber LEFTVENTRICLE Figure 23.4A

8. Introductory Questions #7 In the cardiac cycle how is systole different from diastole? Where is the SA and AV node located? What do these structures do? Name three factors that can affect your blood pressure. Blood is composed of a variety of things. Make a list of cellular and non-cellular substances present in blood. Briefly explain how blood clots. (pg. 882) What proteins and cell parts are required for blood to clot?

9. Introductory Questions #8 What forces are involved in the exchange of gases and solutes at the capillary level? (pg. 879) Give two reasons as to why gas exchange in the air is more advantageous than in the water. Name the four types of surfaces used for gas exchange in animals. Why must there be a countercurrent flow of blood and water over the gill filaments in fish? When exhaling air, does your diaphragm contract or relax? Explain what tidal volume, vital capacity and residual capacity mean. Which areas of the brain are responsible for sending impulses that allow for the rate & depth of breathing to occur?

10. Introductory Questions #9 (See chapter 43) What areas of the body do we find a high number of lymph nodes?(pg. 901) How are interferon proteins different from compliment proteins? How is a nonspecific response different from a specific response? Give an example of each. What is meant by “humoral immunity”? Which type of cell releases histamine and what effect does it have? How are B cells different from T cells? How is active immunity different from passive immunity? Which one of these would include immunizations? What does each of the following cells do? -Helper T cells -Cytotoxic cells -APC

11. Introductory Question #10 Name the four stages of food processing. (see pg. 853). From pg. 845, name the four types of feeders and the organism example shown. How are the alimentary canals different in an earthworm, grasshopper, a bird, and a cow (ruminant animal). Explain what peristalsis is and what causes it to occur. Name the cells that line the stomach which secrete HCl and pepsin. What are the folds in the stomach called? What function do the villi serve in the lining of the intestines? Name the (3) segments of the small intestines and the (4) regions of the large intestines. How is an essential nutrient different from any other nutrient? (pg. 849) Give three examples of a fat-soluble and three examples of a water soluble vitamin.

12. Introductory Questions #11 How is an osmoconformer different from an osmoregulator? Name a fish that is able to adjust to salt concentrations ranging from freshwater to 2,000mosm/L (twice that of sea water). How do marine fishes (hypoosmotic to the water) adjust and balance their water loss? Name the three types of nitrogenous waste products that are released fish, mammals, and reptiles. Which one is most toxic? Which one is a semi-solid form? Which one is made by combining ammonia and carbon dioxide? Name the key excretory structures found in Flatworms (Platyhelminthes), Earthworms (annelids), and Insects (Arthropodds). Name the two distinct regions of the mammalian kidney. Name the three regions of nephron starting from the Bowman’s capsule.

13. Introductory Questions #12 • Name the nine major endocrine glands found in the body. Which one is called the “master gland”? • Name three major local regulators that act on nearby target cells. (pgs. 947-948) • Name three key molecules that play a role in the signal transduction pathway (typical reactions in the endocrine system). • How is the anterior part of the pituitary gland different from the posterior part? Name the hormones secreted from each area. Which region secretes fewer types of hormones? • Using the table on pg. 949, name the hormone(s) that: -Raises blood-calcium levels -maintains metabolic processes

14. Introductory Question #13 Key Pages to review: Ch 46: pgs 964-965, 967, 970, 971, 974 & 976 Ch. 47: pgs 989-995 1) Name three forms of asexual reproduction and give an example of an organism that does it. • Name five structures found in the human male and five structures in the human female. Name the cell that produces testosterone and other androgens in the human male. • How is oogenesis different from spermatogenesis? (pgs. 974-975) • Looking at figures a-e on pg 976, when LH levels peak what is going on in regards to the uterine lining (e) and ovulation (c)? What structures produce progesterone & estrogen? What do these two hormones promote? • Name the four phases of the menstrual cycle. At what point does ovulation occur? • What does IVF stand for? Name three effective forms of birth control. • How is the acrosomal and cortical reactions different in the fertilization process? (Pgs 988-989:ch. 47) which process releases calcium? • In the development process how is the morula stage different from the blastula stage? • How is a Protostome different from a Deueterostome? Which one are we? • From the three tissue (germ) layers that form during development, which layers does the brain and spinal cord form from? (see pg. 999) What about your glands –endocrine system?

15. Introductory Questions #14 1) Name three differences between a protostome and a deuterostome. Give an example of an organism for each. 2) How is coelomic cavity different from a pseudocoelomic cavity? • Choose the group that doesn’t belong? Planaria earthworms flukes tapeworms Clams lobsters snails Squid Plathelminthes Mollusca Nematoda Cnidaria Spiders millipedes lobster Echinoderms Tunicates lancelets salamaders sea urchins 4) What is a cladogram and what is it used for? 5) How are monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups different from each other?

16. Introductory Questions #15 Ecology involves analyzing biotic and abiotic factors. Give three examples of an abiotic factor. Describe the environment that red kangaroos are typically found in? Give some reasons why they are found in these areas. (see pg. 1081) How is a population different from a community? What do we focus on when studying ecosystems? What was Rachel Carson warning us about in her book “Silent Spring” written in 1962? Give three factors that limit a species distribution? Name the five biogeographic realms that have been identified by ecologists. On pg. 1086 read the inquiry and based on Fletcher’s data collected name the two factors that led to the greatest increase in seaweed cover. What was the conclusion drawn from this study? Climate plays a major role on species distribution. Name the four major abiotic factors that must be considered. What causes the seasons to occur on the Earth? What are the key factors that create the precipitation patterns on the Earth? What affect do mountains have on rainfall and species distribution? What seasons are lakes thermally stratified? (see pgs 1090-1091) Why is this turnover important to the organisms that live in the lake?

17. Introductory Questions #16 • How would you define a population? What factors do you need to consider when analyzing a population? • What are the (3) characteristic patterns usually observed when studying a population? • Name three factors that can affect the growth rate of a population. • How are density dependent factors different from density independent factors? What do these factors do to a population? • How is an r-selected species different from a k-selected species. Give an example for each. • Explain how a type II survivorship is different from a type III. Give an example of a type II organism. • What year is thought to be the time at which the world population reached 1 billion? 2 billion? And 3 billion? • Which country has an age structure that appears to have potential problems in the future? • What has been the primary cause for the population growth rate to increase so rapidly in the last 100 years?

18. Introductory Questions #17 • How is a community different from a population? What factors are different when analyzing a community? • Name the FOUR key interspecific types of competition observed in communities. • Briefly explain Gause’s idea of competitive exclusion. What organisms did he work with to discover this interaction? (see pg. 1160) • How do ecologists define a “niche”? • Why are keystone species so important to a community? Name the TWO examples of a keystone predator mentioned on pgs. 1168 & 1169. • When two species have identical niches and one is not forced into extinction, how could this occur? (see pg. 1161) • The feeding relationships observed in a community as food is transferred along the various food chains move along various levels called defining a ___________ __________ in that community. (see pg. 1166) • Transitional changes observed in a community following a disturbance is called ____________ _____________. (pg. 1173)

19. Introductory Questions #17 (Ch. 53) How is interspecific competition different from intraspecific competition? Give an example for each. What is meant by competitive exclusion? Explain how are the fundamental and realized niches for Cthamalus and Balanus different? (pg. 1160) Does the competition between different species having identical niches typically lead one of them toward extinction? Explain. Give an example of character displacement. (see pg. 1159) What is the difference between Mullerian and Batesian mimicry? Give an example for each type of mimicry. Why is a keystone predator important in a community? What do they do? Give an example presented from the text and video (Life in the Balance).

20. Introductory Questions #18 The first type of community to establish itself following a disturbance is called a(n) . Name the types of organisms present. How is primary succession different from secondary succession? Place these in the correct sequence: grasses, pine trees, shrubs, lichens, hardwood trees How is primary productivity in a community determined? What is a terrarium and how would you set one up? What are the five steps to the nitrogen cycle?