iGCSE History Paper 1 Revision Session

1. iGCSE History Paper 1 Revision Session

2. Which nations do these men represent? French Prime Minister, Georges Clemenceau British Prime Minister, Lloyd-George US President, Woodrow Wilson

3. What were the aims of the ‘Big Three’? • The Big Three • Georges Clemenceau (Le Tigre) – wanted to cripple Germany. • Woodrow Wilson (the idealist) – wanted peace above all else and believed in the idea of ‘self-determination’. • David Lloyd George (the realist) – wanted to punish Germany but maintain good trade links.

4. What were the terms of the TOV? • The clauses of the Treaty of Versailles • The war guilt clause • Reparations (£6.6 billion/£6,600 million) • Territories (the Rhineland became demilitarised, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, the Saarland was run by the League of Nations, there was to be no Anschluss with Austria) • Armed forces (the army was limited to 100,000 men, the navy was limited to 15,000 men, conscription was banned, they were not allowed any armoured vehicles, submarines or aircraft, they could only have 6 battleships) • The League of Nations

5. What was the impact of the treaty on Germany? • German reaction/impact: • Kapp Putsch- 1920 • Attempt by Wolfgang Kapp to overthrow the Weimar Republic in retaliation to German signing of the TOV (failed, but inspired later uprisings in the Ruhr and weakened German government even further- perpetuated ‘stab in the back’ propaganda myth) • Hyperinflation – 1923 • The payment of reparations was partly responsible for the hyperinflation crisis that hit Germany • Crisis in the Ruhr- 1923- 1925 • Germany’s failure to make reparations payments led to French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr valley; this increased pressure on the German economy as the Ruhr was the centre of iron, steel and coal production. • Hitler takes power- 1933

6. Can the Treaty of Versailles be justified? YES • The Germans forced a very harsh treaty upon Russia in 1918 (the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). Russia were forced to hand over land to Germany (1 million square miles). • Germany had encouraged the outbreak of war by offering their full support to Austria Hungary after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. • Germany had caused deliberate destruction during the war e.g. the collapsing of French coal mines. The Treaty gave France access to German coal in the Saar for 15 years. • Germany did suffer losses but they still had 90% her original land and 87.5% of her population NO • Most countries took part in the signing of alliances, empire building and the arms race – all of which helped to cause the war. • The small army that Germany was left with after the Treaty left her exposed to an attack. It was not large enough to ensure national security. • The cost of reparations was never realistic for Germany to pay back £6.6. The British economist, John Maynard Keynes, was part of the discussions and he pleaded for the amount to be reduced. • America refused to sign the Treaty because they thought it was too harsh.

7. ACTIVITYBig Points, Little Points • Sort the TOV terms into military, territorial, economic, and war guilt. • Write the main terms in the top box. • Write any supporting terms/smaller terms in the box below. Disregard any irrelevant information!

8. The Other Peace Treaties • Saint-Germain: The Treaty with Austria 1919 • Neuilly: The Treaty with Bulgaria, 1919 • Trianon: The Treaty with Hungary, 1920 • Sevres: The Treaty with Turkey, 1920 • Lausanne: Revising the Turkish Treaty, 1923

9. League of Nations • Four aims • peace • co-operation • disarmament • improved living and working conditions • Methods used to settle disputes • Moral condemnation • Economic and financial sanctions (stopping trade etc.) • Military force

10. League of Nations Members • Membership • France (1919 – 1945) • Britain (1919 – 1945) • Italy (1919 – 1937) Abyssinia! • Japan (1919 – 1933) Manchuria! • Germany (1926 – 1933) Not originally invited. Walked out of the disarmament conference. • The USSR (1934 – 1939) • Remember: the USA never joined!

11. How was the League of Nations structured? The Refugees Committee The League has 4 main aims: • Discourage aggression • Encourage trade and business between countries • Encourage disarmament • Improve living and working conditions Helped refugees return to their original homes after a war. The Slavery Commission The Council Worked to abolish slavery 4 Permanent members, each has a veto which means they can stop other council members ideas. Meet 5 times a year and in an emergency. Job is to sort out disputes and stop further aggression. They can give 3 sanctions / punishments: • Condemn the aggressor (tell them to stop) • Economic: Stop trade • Military: Send in troops The Assembly The Health Committee Each country sent a representative It met once a year Decisions had to be unanimous (everyone had to agree) This area voted on new members, budget & ideas put forward by Council Dealt with dangerous diseases & worked to educate people about health and hygiene The International Labour Organisation The Permanent Court of International Justice Met once a year to try and improve working conditions e.g. hours, pay, introduction of trade union s The Secretariat Keeps records of meetings and writes reports If asked this would give judgement on who was guilty of causing a dispute

12. League of Nations - Structure • You don’t need to memorise the whole thing! • Focus on a few key points of weakness. • For example: • Each of the permanent members of the Council had a veto. They could stop the Council acting even if all of the other members agreed. • The Assembly only met once a year, which could lead to disputes being dealt with rather slowly. • The Permanent Court of International Justice had no way of enforcing its decisions in individual countries.

13. Border disputes in the 1920s • Border disputes in the 1920s • Vilna (1920) • Upper Silesia (1921) • Aaland Islands (1921) • Corfu (1923) • The Geneva Protocol • Bulgaria (1925) (Think about which disputes were a SUCCESS and which were a FAILURE for the League of Nations; maybe plot them on a scale - I will put one on Edmodo for you.)

14. Vilna, 1920 • Poland and Lithuania were two new states created by the post-war treaties. Vilna (now Vilnius) was made the capital of the new state of Lithuania, but its population was largely Polish. In 1920 a private Polish army simply took control of it. • Lithuania appealed for help. This was a crucial first 'test case' for the League. Both countries were members of the League. Poland was clearly the aggressor, though many people could see its case. The League protested to Poland, but Poland did not withdraw. The League was now stuck. • According to the Covenant it could have sent British and French troops to force the Poles out of Vilna. But it did not. The French were not prepared to upset Poland because they saw it as a possible ally against Germany in the future. Britain was not prepared to act alone and send troops right to the other side of Europe. • In the end the League did nothing. The Poles kept Vilna.

15. Upper Silesia, 1921 • Upper Silesia was an industrial region on the border between Germany and Poland It was inhabited by both German and Polish people. Both Germany and Poland wanted control of it, partly because of its rich iron and steel industry. In 1920, a PLEBISCITE was organised for Silesians to vote on which country they wished to join. French and British troops were sent to keep order at the polling booths. • The industrial areas voted mainly for Germany, the rural areas mainly for Poland. The League therefore divided the region along these lines, but it built in many safeguards to prevent future disputes. It safeguarded rail links between the two countries and made arrangements for water and power supplies from one side of the border to be supplied to the other. Both countries accepted the decision.

16. Aaland Islands, 1921 • Both Sweden and Finland wanted control of the Aaland Islands, which were midway between the two countries. Both countries were threatening to fight for them. They appealed to the League. • After studying the matter closely, the League said the islands should go to Finland. Sweden accepted the League's ruling and war was avoided.

17. Corfu, 1923 • One of the boundaries which had to be sorted out after the war was the border between Greece and Albania. The Conference of Ambassadors was given this job and it appointed an Italian general called Tellini to supervise it. On 27 August, while they were surveying the Greek side of the frontier area, Tellini and his team were ambushed and killed. • The Italian leader Mussolini was furious and blamed the Greek government for the murder. On 29 August he demanded that it pay compensation to Italy and execute the murderers. The Greeks, however, had no idea who the murderers were. On 31 August Mussolini bombarded and the occupied the Greek island of Corfu. Fifteen people were killed. Greece appealed to the League for help. • The situation was serious. It seemed like the events of 1914 which had triggered WW1. Fortunately, the council was already in session, so the League acted swiftly. By 7 September it had prepared its judgement. It condemned Mussolini's actions. It also suggested that Greece pay compensation but the money be held by the League. The money would then be paid to Italy if, and when, Tellini's killers were found. • Officially, Mussolini accepted the League's decision. However, behind the scenes, he got to work on the Conference of Ambassadors and persuaded it to change the League's ruling. The Greeks had to apologise and pay compensation directly to Italy. On 27 September, Mussolini withdrew from Corfu boasting of his triumph.

18. Bulgaria, 1925 • Two years after Corfu, the League was tested again. In October 1925, Greek troops invaded Bulgaria after an incident on the border in which some Greek soldiers were killed. Bulgaria appealed for help. It also sent instructions to its army. • The League condemned the Greek action. It ordered Greece to pull out and pay compensation to Bulgaria. Faced with the disapproval of the major powers in the League, the Greeks obeyed although they did complain that there seemed to be one rule for the large states (such as Italy) and another for smaller ones (such as themselves).

19. League of Nations Work for a better world • The Refugee Committee – helped to return refugees home after WWI (about 400,000 of them). • The Slavery Commission – worked to abolish slavery throughout the world (freeing about 200,000 of them from Sierra Leone). • The Health Committee – tried to deal with dangerous diseases (it later became the World Heath Organisation). It got rid of leprosy and reduced malaria and yellow fever by controlling mosquitoes. • The International Labour Organisation campaigned for an 8 hour working day and a 48 hour working week BUT not everyone followed this as it would affect industries’ outputs.

20. Disarmament • KEY DATE: July 1932 (Total disarmament is not agreed upon. Germany walks out of the Disarmament Conference.) • KEY DATE: June 1933 (Britain begins a disarmament plan that will lead to an agreement with Germany 2 years later, allowing Germany a navy as long as it is 35% smaller than the British navy. This agreement was made without consultation with the League; it went against the Treaty of Versailles.) • KEY DATE: October 1933 (Hitler withdraws from the Disarmament Conference, and later, the League.) • KEY DATE: 1934 (The Disarmament Conference ends as all nations begin to rearm.)

21. Wall St Crash & the League • Effects of the economic depression • In 1929, the Wall Street Crash caused the USA’s economy to collapse, damaging trade and industry and causing a devastating knock-on effect around Europe. • As American industries began to fail, they had to reduce their international trade. In three years, the USA lost $7 billion in trade after a 40% reduction in industry. America was the biggest international trader in the 1920s, so it was only a matter of time before the economy of Europe was hit hard by their withdrawal from the trade market. Britain was hit hard by unemployment, just like Continental Europe. • This affected the methods the League of Nations could use to settle disputes; it had fewer resources to use as sanctions and individual countries were preoccupied with their economic struggles to deal with foreign disputes.

22. Crises in the 1930s • By February 1932, Japan (a member of the League's Council) had invaded and conquered Manchuria. • It took the League nearly a year to send a commission and declare that Japan ought to leave - whereupon Japan left the League. • The League couldn't send an army, and it needed America's support to impose sanctions successfully. In the end, it did nothing. • In 1935, Italy invaded Abyssinia. • Although the Abyssinian emperor Haile Selassie went to the League himself to ask for help, all the League did was to ban arms sales, which did Abyssinia more harm than Italy. • A League commission offered Italy part of Abyssinia, but Italy invaded anyway. • Far from stopping Italy, Britain and France tried to make a secret pact to give Abyssinia to Italy.

23. ‘The League had its greatest success in its humanitarian work.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. • Plan a 10 mark answer to this question in pairs (on iPads/paper/walls) • How would you structure the answer? • What would your conclusion be?

24. Thinking Kit 0008020 Causes of World War Two Card Sort Weak League of Nations 1920 Failure of appeasement 1938 Long Term Anschluss with Austria 1938 Czechoslovakia, invasion of 1939 German re-armament 1934 Hitler's rise to power 1933 Short Term Sort these causes into long/short term and trigger event Sudetenland Crisis 1938 Anschluss with Austria 1938 Re-militarization of Rhineland 1936 Poland, invasion of, Sept 1939 Trigger Event Treaty of Versailles 1919

25. Thinking Kit 0008020 Causes of World War Two Card Sort Weak League of Nations 1920 Failure of appeasement 1938 Long Term Anschluss with Austria 1938 Czechoslovakia, invasion of 1939 German re-armament 1934 Hitler's rise to power 1933 Short Term Sort these causes into long/short term and trigger event Sudetenland Crisis 1938 IN PAIRS! Enter this code on the Thinking Kit app, and arrange the cards as instructed. As you arrange cards, take turns to tell your partner everything you remember about each of the events. Anschluss with Austria 1938 Re-militarization of Rhineland 1936 Poland, invasion of, Sept 1939 Trigger Event Treaty of Versailles 1919

26. Long Term Treaty of Versailles 1919 Weak League of Nations 1920 Failure of appeasement 1938 Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939 Re-militarization of Rhineland 1936 Sudetenland Crisis 1938 German re-armament 1934 Czechoslovakia, invasion of 1939 Anschluss with Austria 1938 Hitler's rise to power 1933 Short Term Trigger Event Poland, invasion of, Sept 1939

28. What was the USA like in the 1920s? How far did the US economy boom in the 1920s? What were the factors of the economic boom? Why did some industries prosper in the boom while others did not? Did all Americans benefit from the Boom? What were the ‘Roaring Twenties’? How widespread was intolerance in US society in the 1920s? Why was prohibition introduced and then later repealed? How far did the roles of women change during the 1920s?

29. U.S. Economy, 1919 - 1929 1918 – 1919: wartime economy and post-war boom 1920 – 1921: post-war recession and readjustment 1922 – 1929: economic expansion and prosperity

30. The ‘boom’ happened in the 20s because Americans…

31. The ‘boom’ happened in the 20s because Americans… L A C K P A N T S

32. The ‘boom’ happened in the 20s because Americans… Laissez-Faire A C K P A N T S

33. The ‘boom’ happened in the 20s because Americans… Laissez-Faire Assembly line C K P A N T S

34. The ‘boom’ happened in the 20s because Americans… Laissez-Faire Assembly line Credit K P A N T S

35. The ‘boom’ happened in the 20s because Americans… Laissez-Faire Assembly line Credit Knowledge P A N T S

36. The ‘boom’ happened in the 20s because Americans… Laissez-Faire Assembly line Credit Knowledge Position of USA (in war) A N T S

37. The ‘boom’ happened in the 20s because Americans… Laissez-Faire Assembly line Credit Knowledge Position of USA (in war) Advertisement N T S

38. The ‘boom’ happened in the 20s because Americans… Laissez-Faire Assembly line Credit Knowledge Position of USA (in war) Advertisement New consumer goods T S

39. The ‘boom’ happened in the 20s because Americans… Laissez-Faire Assembly line Credit Knowledge Position of USA (in war) Advertisement New consumer goods Tariffs S

40. The ‘boom’ happened in the 20s because Americans… Laissez-Faire Assembly line Credit Knowledge Position of USA (in war) Advertisement New consumer goods Tariffs Share confidence

41. Did the economic boom reach everybody in 1920s?

42. Farming American farmers faced growing problems during the 1920s. Thanks to new technologies, machines and techniques, farm production increased dramatically. This resulted in lower prices for their goods. At the same time, after the war, agricultural output in Europe recovered and the demand for American exports fell steeply. As a result, American farmers' incomes were drastically reduced and they fell into debt.

43. Heavy industry Industries such as coal and shipbuilding found themselves in a similar predicament to farming. Due to new mass production methods, these industries were producing a huge amount of goods. Combined with a fall in overseas demand for their goods, this led to over-production, lower prices and, as a result, a fall in wages for workers.

44. Racial minorities For the most part, black and immigrant workers missed out on the prosperity that had benefited other Americans. In industry and business, these ethnic minorities tended to be paid lower wages, live in the worst conditions and were usually the last to be hired for jobs and the first to be fired. In agriculture, black sharecroppers faced terrible problems. Usually working comparatively small plots of land, they did not have access to new technology to make their farms productive. Combined with the low prices paid for agricultural produce, black farmers often fell heavily into debt.

45. What was entertainment like in the 1920s?

46. How far did the lives of Women change in the 1920s?

47. Why were many Americans so anti-immigration?

48. Red Scare 1920s US government greatly reduced the number of immigrants allowed in to the country. Fear of Communism and Anarchists. In April 1920, robbery in Braintee Massachusetts, stole 15,000 and shot dead 2 staff. 1921, Sacco & Vanzetti arrested and sentenced to death in 1927. Sacco and Vanzetti were not just Italian immigrants but Anarchist too! Between 1919-20 Around 10,000 individuals Were deported.

49. Why were many Americans so anti-immigration? White Anglo Saxon Protestant s…

50. How widespread was intolerance?Why did the KKK rise up again in the 1920s? 1924 – 4.5 million Members Supremacy Ku Klux Klan WASPS Intolerance