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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER- 1. ANALOG SIGNAL. An  analog signal  is any  continuous signal  for which the time-varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e.,  analogous  to another time varying signal.

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INTRODUCTION

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  1. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER-1

  2. ANALOG SIGNAL • An analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time-varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal. • For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. 

  3. DIGITAL SIGNAL • A digital signal is a signal that is being used to represent data as a sequence of discrete values; at any given time it can only take on one of a finite number of values in most digital circuits. • The signal can have two possible values(0,1); this is called a binary signal or logic signal.[4

  4. Difference Between Analog And Digital Signal

  5. Advantages Of Digital Signal • Easier To Design. • Digital System Have Got Fast Response Time. • Information Can Be Stored And Retrived Very Easily. • More Accurate And Have Great Percision. • Less Effected By Noise. • Easier To Use Because Direct Display Of Data Is Convenient To Read. • Digital Ckt. Can Be Fabricated On IC Chips.

  6. Applications Of Digital Signal • Data Base Management System(DBMS) Used In Banks, Offices, Institutes, Shops etc. Using Computers. • Process Monitoring And Control System In Industries Using Computers, PLC’s, Robots. • Digital Signal Processing And Digital Communication. • Entertainment Appliances Like CD/DVD Players, LED TVs, Digital Cameras. • Medical Instruments Like Digital X-ray Machines, Ultra Sound Machines etc. • Combustion Control In Modern Vechicles.

  7. Applications Of Analog signal

  8. NUMBER SYSTEM CHAPTER -2

  9. Number system & its types • Code using symbols that refers to a set of items. • Types of Number system Binary number system Decimal number system Octal number system Hexa -decimal number system

  10. Binary Number System • A number system which have two values 0 and 1 is called binary number system. • The base or radix is 2.

  11. Decimal Number system • The decimal number system contains ten distinct symbols (0 to 9). • The base or radix is 10.

  12. Decimal to Binary conversion • Technique • Divide by two, keep track of the remainder • First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit) • Second remainder is bit 1 • Etc.

  13. 2 125 62 1 2 31 0 2 15 1 2 3 1 2 7 1 2 0 1 2 1 1 Example 12510 = ?2 12510 = 11111012

  14. Binary to Decimal Conversion • Technique • Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit • The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right • Add the results

  15. Example 1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1 1 x 21 = 2 0 x 22 = 0 1 x 23 = 8 0 x 24 = 0 1 x 25 = 32 4310

  16. Octal Number system • In this system, there are eight distinct symbols that represent octal numbers(0 to 7). • The base or radix is 8.

  17. Hexa-decimal Number system • This system uses 16 distinct symbols (0 to 9, A toF). • The base or radix is 16.

  18. Octal to Binary conversion • Technique • Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary representation

  19. 7 0 5 111 000 101 Example 7058 = ?2 7058 = 1110001012

  20. Binary to Octal • Technique • Group bits in threes, starting on right • Convert to octal digits

  21. 1 011 010 111 1 3 2 7 Example 10110101112 = ?8 10110101112 = 13278

  22. Octal to Decimal • Technique • Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of the bit • The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right • Add the results

  23. Example 7248 => 4 x 80 = 4 2 x 81 = 16 7 x 82 = 448 46810

  24. Decimal to Octal • Technique • Divide by 8 • Keep track of the remainder

  25. 8 19 2 8 2 3 8 0 2 Example 123410 = ?8 8 1234 154 2 123410 = 23228

  26. Decimal to Hexadecimal • Technique • Divide by 16 • Keep track of the remainder

  27. 16 1234 77 2 16 4 13 = D 16 0 4 Example 123410 = ?16 123410 = 4D216

  28. Binary to Hexadecimal • Technique • Group bits in fours, starting on right • Convert to hexadecimal digits

  29. Example 10101110112 = ?16 • 10 1011 1011 • B B 10101110112 = 2BB16

  30. Hexadecimal to Binary • Technique • Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary representation

  31. 1 0 A F 0001 0000 1010 1111 Example 10AF16 = ?2 10AF16 = 00010000101011112

  32. Hexadecimal to Decimal • Technique • Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight” of the bit • The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right • Add the results

  33. Example ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12 B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176 A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560 274810

  34. Binary Addition • The binary number system uses only two digits 0 and 1. So , there are four basic operations. 0+0=0 0+1=1 1+0 = 1 1+1 = 10

  35. Binary Subtraction  The subtraction of binary digit depends on four basic operation. 0-0 = 0 1-0 = 1 1 – 1 = 0 10 – 1 = 1

  36. Binary Multiplication • The rules for binary multiplication are: • 0 x 0 = 0 • 0 x 1 = 0 • 1 x 0 = 0 • 1 x 1 = 1

  37. Binary Division • The rules binary division are: • 0 ÷ 1 =0 • 1 ÷ 1 = 1

  38. Codes and Parity CHAPTER- 3

  39. Binary Codes • Binary codes are used in computers and digital communication. These binary codes can be classified as: • Weighted codes • Non- weighted codes

  40. Binary Codes • Electronic digital systems use signals that have two distinct values and circuit elements that have two stable states. • Digital systems represent and manipulate not only binary numbers, but also many other discrete elements of information. • Any discrete element of information distinct among a group of quantities can be represented by a binary code. • Binary codes merely change the symbols, not the meaning of the elements of information that they represent.

  41. Weighted codes • A weighted code is one in which each digit position has a specific weight or value. • Examples of weighted codes are 8421(BCD),2421,5211etc.

  42. Binary –Coded Decimal • Binary-Coded Decimal is a weighted code because each decimal digit can be obtained from its code word by assigning a fixed weight to each code-word bit. • The weights for the BCD bits are 8, 4, 2, and 1, and for this reason the code is sometimes called the 8421 code.

  43. Non – Weighted Codes • In non-weighted codes, each digit of the code do not have any position weight. • Example of non –weighted codes are: ASCII CODE, Excess -3 code, Gray code.

  44. Gray Code

  45. Excess -3 code • The code word for each decimal digit is the corresponding BCD code word plus 00112. • 0010 = 2 in BCD • + 00112 • = 0101 = 2 in excess-3

  46. Gray Code • Gray code is a code where only one bit changes at a time while traversing from 0 to any decimal number in sequence. • This is a useful property when converting analog values into digital values, since it eliminates the problem of misinterpreting asynchronous changes to bits between valid values.

  47. Parity and its types • In  computers, parity is a technique that checks whether data has been lost or written over when it is moved from one place in storage to another or when it is transmitted between computers.  • TYPES OF PARITY • Even parity • Odd parity

  48. EVEN PARITY • In this method , one extra bit known as parity bit is added to the binary information. • The parity is added in such a way that the total number of one’s becomes even.

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