The Circulatory System

1. The Circulatory System

2. WHAT IS THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM???? • Functions: • Facilitates gas exchange • Delivers nutrients to cells • Picks up cellular wastes • Temperature regulation • Delivers hormones

3. The circulatory system in humans contains 3 parts: 1) BLOOD – The circulating fluid 2) BLOOD VESSELS – The transporting medium 3) HEART – The pumping station

5. PART ONE: THE BLOOD

6. PART ONE: THE BLOOD The average human adult has 5-6 litres of blood (~8% weight). • Functions of the blood: • Transports: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes, nutrients, heat, hormones • Regulation: pH, temperature • Immunity: white blood cells • Clotting: prevents blood loss (platelets)

7. THE BLOOD Blood is composed of two parts: plasma (a complex fluid); and formed elements (erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVOzKrcTNis&safe=active

8. 1) Blood Plasma • Yellowish thick fluid • Makes up 55% of blood volume • Consists of 91.5% water, 7% proteins, and 1.5% dissolved food, enzymes, vitamins, hormones, antibodies, waste products, inorganic salts and gases

9. 2)Erythrocytes • Red blood cells (45% of blood) • 5 million per mL of blood (25 trillion in human body!!!) • Every sec you produce ~10 million new RBC’s • Formed in bone marrow (inside your bones) • Have no nucleus • Life span of 120 days • About 2 million dead erythrocytes must be removed from the blood every second. • They are destroyed and filtered out by the spleen and liver.

10. Red Blood Cells • Red color: due to the presence of the protein hemoglobin. Thinking Question: Why is Carbon monoxide poisonous?

11. Red Blood Cells • Concave shape gives the cell a large surface area through which oxygen can diffuse. • Also makes them flexible, easily squeeze through capillaries. • Blood changes colors: • Oxygenated  Deoxygenated (Bright Red) (Dark Red)

12. 3) Leukocytes • White blood cells (~1% of blood) • Larger cells, but less numerous than erythrocytes 5 – 10 thousand per mL of blood • They are irregular shapedcells that contain a nucleus • Cells live between 12 hours to several years • Main function is to protect the body from foreign materialsuch as bacteria by engulfing them (phagocytosis).

13. 4) Platelets • Smallest cellular components • No nucleus, live 5-9 days • Produced in the bone marrow • 250, 000 platelets per mL of blood • Platelets are responsible for the initial stages of blood clotting.

14. Platelets and Clot Formation • Blood must have the ability to “fix” wounds (cuts and scrapes). • There are four components involved in the clotting process: • Platelets • Clotting factors • Fibrin • Other Cells

15. Blood Clotting • Platelets: • Cell fragments • React to the air and become sticky. Forms an initial plug. • Clotting Factors: • 12 Factors needed • They are proteins that reinforce the platelet plug.

16. Blood Clotting • Fibrin: • A web-like protein mesh that strengthens the clot. • Fibrin formation = Coagulation • Other Cells: • White and Red blood cells get trapped and add to the structure. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--bZUeb83uU&safe=active

18. Blood Disorders - Hemophilia Inherited disorder in which a specific blood clotting factor is lacking or, a deficiency that abnormally delays coagulation when bleeding occurs whether internal or external Result: Bleeding is difficult to stop. 400,000 people are affected (mostly males). Treatment: Clotting factors can be given to people to aid clot formation. Biggest concern with this condition? Internal Bleeding

21. Blood Types Who knows what their blood type is!?

22. Blood Types Types include: A, B, AB and O. Cells are named according to the type of protein present on the red blood cell surface. These proteins are called antigens.

23. The four blood groups are A, B, AB, and O Group A – erythrocytes have antigen A on their membranes Group B – erythrocytes have antigen B on their membranes Group AB – erythrocytes have both antigens A and B on their membranes Group O – erythrocytes have no antigens on their membranes

24. Blood Types Plasma contains antibodies to the antigens NOT found in your blood. Antibodies: proteins thatprotect us from foreign invaders. Antibodies can bind to antigens and result in agglutination. Agglutination: red blood cells clump together. This can result in death!

26. Rh Factor There are other proteins in the blood that can cause clumping. Rh factor or Rhesus factor. 2nd of 30 methods for grouping blood. “+” = protein is present on cell surface. “-” = protein is absent from cell surface. “-” can donate to “-”. “-” can donate to “+” “+” can donate to “+” “+” can not donate to “-”

28. Percentage of Blood Types in Canada 36% 6% 39% 7% 7.6% 1.4% 2.5% 0.5%

29. Blood Typing In blood typing, two serums are used: one has anti-A antibodies, the other anti-B antibodies. To one drop of blood a drop of serum is added; the two drops are mixed together and observed for evidence of agglutination or clumping.

30. In other words… • If clumping occurs with anti-A serum the person’s blood must have antigen A on the red blood cells. The person has blood type A. • If clumping occurs with anti-B serum, the blood is type B because it has antigen B on the erythrocytes. • If clumping occurs when a drop of blood is mixed separately with anti-A and anti-B serums, it must be AB because it contains both antigens A and B. • If no clumping is evident, the type is O, because neither antigen A nor antigen B is present in the blood. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0d5Qx42vmQ

31. Guess what blood type this person has Blood type A Rh-

32. Guess what Blood Type this person has Blood type A Rh+

33. Guess what Blood Type this person has Blood type AB Rh+

34. Guess what Blood Type this person has Blood Type O Rh+

35. Quiz Time • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3T558hMytIs • Get out a pen and paper. • Write your name on it. • Try to identify each patients blood type • Include whether the person would be Rh – or Rh +

36. The Process of Donating Blood You have a gift that you can share with your community. Donating blood saves lives! Donating blood procedure. Questionnaire. https://www.blood.ca/centreapps/internet/uw_v502_mainengine.nsf/page/Indefinite%20Deferral?OpenDocument

38. 1 Hour Every 56 Days = 3 Lives • Every 56 days, or 6 times a year • 71 years – 17 years = 54 years • 54 years X 6 donations per year = 324 donations • 324 X 3 lives = 972 lives saved in your lifetime • Challenge: “25 by 25” • Make 3 donations over 8 years (and one extra)

39. Donation Process • You must be: • Between 17 and 61 (for first-time donors) • At least 50 kg (110 lb) • In general good health, feeling well • Frequency of Donation • Minimum interval between blood donations is 56 days. • If You Have:You Must Wait Before Donating: • Had dental treatment (extractions, fillings, cleaning, restoration) • For cleaning or filling: until the day after treatment • For extraction, root canal or dental surgery: 72 hours provided there is full recovery • A cold, flu or sore throat • Full recovery • Had ear or body piercing or tattooing • 6 months

40. Donation Process • Step 1: Registration • Bring proof of identity • Step 2: Screening • Hemoglobin, blood pressure, temperature • Donor questionnaire • Private interview with screening nurse • Step 3: Donation • Disinfecting • Step 4: Recovery • Refreshment area (cookies )

41. Universal Donors • People with blood type O are called universal donors, since their blood has no A or B antigens and can be donated to people of all blood types. Since Type O blood has no antigens, the anti-A and/or anti-B antibodies that may be present in the recipient’s blood will not be able to cause any agglutination.

42. Universal Recipients • People with blood type AB are called universal recipients. Since this blood has both A and B antigens it will have no antibodies at all. Therefore, the red blood cells of any blood type will not be agglutinated when transfused into the AB blood.

43. Rh Factor • Recall: “-” can donate to “-”. “-” can donate to “+” “+” can donate to “+” “+” can not donate to “-”

44. Case Study #1 Greg is a 17-year-old who wasadmitted to the hospital following a car crash. He suffered a crushing injury to his right leg and is bookedfor surgery. Greg’s blood group is Type AB+. Who in this class can give blood to Greg?

45. Case Study #2 Benjamin is a three-month-old whowas born with a major heart defect.He requires surgery to enable himto live past his first birthday. Benjamin’s blood group is Type B-. Who in this class can give blood to Benjamin?

46. Case Study #3 Sarah is a five-year-old leukemia patient. She visits the hospital regularly to receive blood transfusions that she requires to continue fighting her disease. Sarah has Type A+ blood. Who in this class can give blood to Sarah?

47. Case Study #4 Bill is a 50-year-old father of threeteenage children. He is booked forheart surgery as two of the arteriesin his heart are blocked. Bill’s blood group is Type O-. Who in this class can give blood to Bill?

48. Case Study #5 John is a 60-year-old man who hasjust been admitted to the Emergency Department. He is vomitinglarge amounts of blood. His wifetells the physician that herhusband has two stomach ulcers. The physician orders blood right awayfor this man. John’s blood type is unknown. What blood group will this man receive?

49. Case Study #6 Sam is a 20-year-old man who was shot in the lower abdomen by accident. Because the hospital didn’t know his blood type, Sam received three units of Type O negative blood in Emergency. He is now booked for surgery. We now know that Sam’s blood is Type AB-. Who in this class can give blood to Sam?

50. Save a life today! If you’re 17 (or, when you turn 17)… • Call 1 888 2 DONATE • For blood, visit: • www.blood.ca