Ch.3.

1. Ch.3. • Potential health effects from ingestion of water • Organic chemicals (not listed all) • Acrylamid: Potential health effects from ingestion of water. Added to water during sewage/wastewater treatment

2. Atrazine: Cardiovascular system or reproductive problems. Runoff from herbicide used on row crops. Fromhttp://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35042 From http://borgfoodchain.blogspot.com/2010/09/atrazine-under-attack-in-us.html

3. Benzene: Anemia; decrease in blood platelets; increased risk of cancer. Discharge from factories; leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills. Fromhttp://bbruner.org/obc/phenyl.htm Dead fish can be seen in the Songhua River as the State Environment Protection Administration confirmed Wednesday that pollutants containing benzene and nitrobenzene contaminated the river after a chemical-plant blast at the upper reaches in Northeast China 2005-11-24 05:40 From http://borgfoodchain.blogspot.com/2010/09/atrazine-under-attack-in-us.html

4. Carbofuran: Problems with blood, nervous system, or reproductive system. Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice and alfalfa. Insecticide. Fromhttp://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/Bulletin/Volume27/Polednikova_et_al_2010.html From http://www.karbofuran.cz/fakta.php?5 foto: ČSO archive / VáclavKřivan Poisoned eagle in typical posture after carbofuran poisoning. No typical symptoms can be observed in poisoned animals except for birds, where a typical posture with wings and head hanging down and talons clenched in a spasm can be observed. The poisoned animals usually perish suddenly and in a good physical condition. The actual symptoms are not determined until dissection; however, these are not specific, either. They include congestion of almost all internal organs and the presence of food remains in the stomach, in case of birds frequently in the craw, too. The only reliable method to confirm the poisoning is the chemical test. They are performed by several specialized state veterinary institutes on the basis of samples (usually contents of the stomach, craw, liver) taken from the body of the perished animal.

5. Dichloromethane: Liver problems; increased risk of cancer. Discharge from drug and chemical factories. Fromhttp://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/molecule_gallery/01_alkanes/00_alkanes.htm Population Exposed to Dichloromethane in Outdoor Air – Summary 2006 From http://www.carexcanada.ca/en/dichloromethane/environmental_exposure_estimates/outdoor_air/phase_1/map/

6. Ethylene dibromide: Problems with liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys; increased risk of cancer. Discharge from petroleum refineries Fromhttp://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/ethylene%20dibromide.html Purple Squirrel Found in Pennsylvania: Due to bromide? Or Simply because of purple ink or paint? From http://www.datelinezero.com/2012/02/10/purple-squirrel-found-in-pennsylvania/

7. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Skin changes; thymus gland problems; immune deficiencies; reproductive or nervous system difficulties; increased risk of cancer. Runoff from landfills; discharge of waste chemicals. Fromhttp://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pops_inc/proceedings/bangkok/fiedler1.html The Japanese scientist Hideshige Takada leads a study into global patterns of oceanic chemical pollution. But he uses a highly remarkable way of samping the water. Takada uses the industrial plastic granules (pellets) that litter our oceans worldwide. These granules act as a sponge that bind all sorts of chemical pollutants like PCB's, remains of DDT etc., from the seawater to their surface. From http://www.imares.wur.nl/UK/research/dossiers/plastic/plasticgranules/ /

8. The top ten chemicals released into the environment in 2010 were: 1. HYDROCHLORIC ACID2. SULFURIC ACID3. HYDROGEN FLUORIDE4. AMMONIA5. BARIUM COMPOUNDS6. ZINC COMPOUNDS7. TOLUENE8. COPPER COMPOUNDS9. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS10. STYRENE • Toluene: Nervous system, kidney, or liver problems. Discharge from petroleum factories. Fromhttp://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---T/Toluene.htm From http://thegoodhuman.com/2012/01/06/toxic-chemical-releases-up-16-over-previous-year/

9. Vinyl chloride (Chloroethene): Increased risk of cancer. Leaching from PVC pipes; discharge from plastic factories. Fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_chloride On April 23, 2004, five workers were fatally injured and two others were seriously injured when an explosion occurred in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production unit at Formosa Plastics in Illiopolis, Illinois, east of Springfield. The explosion followed a release of highly flammable vinyl chloride, which ignited. The explosion forced a community evacuation and lighted fires that burned for several days at the plant. From http://www.csb.gov/investigations/detail.aspx?SID=22

10. Xylenes (total): Nervous system damage. Discharge from petroleum factories; discharge from chemical factories. Fromhttp://toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Xylene From http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/news_msg.php?titleid=347 Prompted by the expressed concern made by the local residents, scholars and experts, Xiamen Deputy Mayor Ding Yan announced to a press conference this morning that the 10.8 billion yuan Para-Xylene (PX) chemical projects will be postponed. It is estimated that the petrol chemical plant will generate 800 billion yuan in industrial output value in the first year of operation. But, the costs of environment impact for Xiamen, a model city of China for its excellence in environment management is hard to estimate. Xiamen may be a China Environment Model City under threat. Can the pollution potential risk be managed? This is a billion dollars question and all the residents' health in Xiamen this generation and the generation to come.

11. Ch.3. • Potential health effects from ingestion of water • Organic chemicals (not listed all) • Acrylamid: Potential health effects from ingestion of water. Added to water during sewage/wastewater treatment