Cell Structure

1. Cell Structure

2. The cell is filled with a fluid called cytoplasm; cells contain discrete membrane-enclosed structures called organelles that perform specific functions that support the life of the organism. The structure of the organelle is related to its function. • The nucleus contains the genetic materials (chromosomes), and it directs the cell activities, growth and division. • The mitochondrion contains enzymes that break down sugars and release chemical energy. One cell can contain hundreds of mitochondria. • The entire cell is surrounded by the plasma membrane that controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell.

3. Illustrate and describe in writing the structure and the function of the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus in an animal cell.

4. Describe the basic structures of an animal cell, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and cell membrane, and how they function to support life.

5. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that differ from other single-celled organisms in that they do not have organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondrion or chloroplast.

6. Although all cells have similar basic structures, in multicellular organisms cells have specialized shapes that enable them to perform specific roles (for example, muscle, nerve, and skin cells can be identified by their distinct shapes).

7. Groups of similar cells are organized in tissues that have specific functions (for example, providing support, connecting parts, carrying messages, protecting internal and external surfaces).

8. Different tissues work together to form an organ, and organs work together as organ systems to perform essential life functions.

9. Explain how the structure and function of multicellular organisms (animals) is dependent on the interaction of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.

10. Cells are diverse…but every cell has a cell membrane and cytoplasm

11. Cell membrane • separates the cell from the external environment. • composed of proteins and lipids • allows some things in, not others

12. Cell Membrane = not solid Membranes consist of a phospholipid bilayer combined with a variety of proteins in a fluid mosaic arrangement. The surfaces of cell membranes are hydrophilic (water-loving); the interiors are hydrophobic

13. Cytoplasm • The cytoplasm is a gel like substance that is inside the cell membrane. • It stores the organelles, water, and the chemicals in it. • Unlike Jell-O that you would compare cytoplasm to, cytoplasm is constantly moving around.

14. Two Kinds of Cells Cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells lack internal cellular bodies (organelles), while eukaryotic cells possess them. The cells of all prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess two basic features: a plasma membrane and cytoplasm.

15. Three Domains of Life Living things have evolved into three large clusters of closely related organisms, called "domains": Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota.

16. Prokaryotes Archaea and Bacteria • are small, relatively simple cells • surrounded by a cell membrane and a cell wall, • circular strand of DNA containing their genes.

17. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells • are more complex than prokaryotes, • DNA is linear and found within a nucleus. • Have organelles

18. The common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are: 1. DNA, the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes and located in a nonmembrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes2. Plasma membrane, a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from the surrounding environment and functions as a selective barrier for the import and export of materials3. Cytoplasm, the rest of the material of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleoid region or nucleus, that consists of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles and other particulates suspended in it4. Ribosomes, the organelles on which protein synthesis takes place

19. Organelles • Eukaryote cells are a number of membrane-bound bodies called organelles (“little organs”) that provide a specialized function within the cell.

20. Organelles, contd. • An organelle is a structure in the cytoplasm in the cell. • All organelles have a membrane surrounding it. • Some examples for organelles would be the Nucleus and Mitochondria, Some jobs that the organelles fulfill are transporting waste, breaking down food for the cell, and just being storage containers.

21. Nucleus Serves as the information and control center of the cell. Major functions: • stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, • coordinates the cell's activities The nucleus contains the genetic materials (chromosomes), and it directs the cell activities, growth and division.

23. Mitochondria Mitochondria may also be called the "powerhouse" of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell. The process of creating cell energy is known as cellular respiration. Most of the chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria.. The mitochondrion contains enzymes that break down sugars and release chemical energy. One cell can contain hundreds of mitochondria.

24. Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration is the process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved

25. Cell Rap

27. Introduction to the ArchaeaLife's extremists. . . • rift vents in the deep sea at temperatures well over 100 degrees Centigrade. • hot springs or in extremely alkaline or acid waters. • inside the digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane. • anoxic muds of marshes and at the bottom of the ocean, and even thrive in petroleum deposits deep underground. Archaea: Salt-Lovers, Methane-Makers, Thermophiles, and Other Archaeans

28. Introduction to the Bacteria • produce antibiotics such as streptomycin • live symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, • on the roots of certain plants, convert nitrogen into a usable form. • put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread; • break down dead organic matter; • make up the base of the food web in many environments. BAD BACTERIA

29. Introduction to the EukaryotaFungi, Protists, Plants, Animals...

30. All living things are made of cells • The cell is the smallest unit that can perform the basic activities of life.

31. Best shape for the job Specialized Shapes Animal Cell?

32. Cells  Tissues Groups of similar cells are organized in tissues that have specific functions. For example: 1. providing support 2. connecting parts 3. carrying messages 4. protecting internal and external surfaces

33. Protecting internal and external surfaces Providing support Carrying messages Connecting parts

34. Tissues  Organ Different tissues work together to form an organ. Do you recognize these organs? NasaVideo on cells  tissues  organ organ system  organ system

35. Organs Organ Systems Organs work together as organ systems to perform essential life functions.

36. Organ systems

37. Organism Cell Tissue Organ: eye Organ system: nervous system (eyes, brain, nerves) Organism: tarsier