By : Whitney McDaniel

1. By: Whitney McDaniel

2. Introduction • The Civil Rights Movement refers to a set of noted events and reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing public and private acts of racial discrimination against African Americans between 1954 to 1968 particularly in the South. • In the last decade of the nineteenth century in the United States, Democrat party controlled states, mainly in the south, passed racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to expand. Elected, appointed, or hired government authorities began to require or permit discrimination, specifically in the states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and Kansas

3. Introduction contd. • Although racial discrimination was present nationwide, the combination of law, public and private acts of discrimination, marginal economic opportunity, and violence directed toward African Americans in the South became known as Jim Crow. • Civil Disobedience was a combined strategy of direct action with nonviolent resistance known. Some different forms of civil disobedience include boycotts as successful as the Montgomery Bus Boycott in Alabama, the “sit-ins” in North Carolina, and marches exhibited by the Selma to Montgomery marches in Alabama.

4. Introduction Contd. • Some Noted achievements are the legal victory in the Brown vs. Board of Education which made segregation legally impermissible. • The Passage of the Civil Rights Act that banned discrimination in employment practices • The passage of the Voting Rights Acts of 1965 that restored voting rights • Nationalities Services Act of 1965 which dramatically changed the U.S. immigration policy. • Civil Rights Act of 1968 that banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing.

5. Introduction contd.

6. Introduction contd. • The most noted figures in the Civil Rights Movement are Rosa Parks, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Malcolm X. But they weren’t the only ones in the movement. One very important man is Bayard Rustin, he was the right hand man of Dr. King and was at heart of the movement also. Not much is known about him but without his contribution behind the scenes who knows what kind of shape the movement would’ve been in.

7. Politics • Martin Luther King Jr. • 1950 – The right to vote; efforts to eliminate segregation in public schools, public facilities ect. • 1955 – Martin Luther King Jr. lead a 13-month boycott against the segregated Montgomery bus system • His tactics of civil disobedience became a social force

8. Politics • 1963- Imprisoned in Birmingham; wrote "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", which argued, human rights must take priority over unjust laws. • August 1963 – King presented his ‘I have a Dream’ speech to 250,000 people in D.C. • 1963- Time Magazine declared King to be "Man of the Year"

9. Politics • 1964 - Age of 35, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (youngest person ever to receive this honor) • King’s work was the stepping stone to overcome inequality. The Congress addressed the Civil Rights Act (1964), the Voting Rights Act (1965), and the Fair Housing Act (1968) • 1985 - the members of Martin Luther King Papers Project found King’s speeches & PhD were plagiarized.

10. Politics • Voting Rights • 1965 – The Voting Rights Act; prohibits discrimination on voting practices or procedures because of race and color. • Literacy tests and poll taxes were prohibited • 1975 – Congress expanded the protections of Voting Rights which helped citizens of non English ethnicity which prohibited them to participate in political concerns

11. Politics • January and February 1965 – Protests were held in Salem for voting rights • August 1965 Congress passed the Voting Rights Act. Quote: President Lyndon Johnson said, "Mrs. Liuzzo went to Alabama to serve the struggle for justice. She was murdered by the enemies of justice who for decades have used the rope and the gun and the tar and the feather to terrorize their neighbors."

12. Politics Stats • 1960 – 22,000 African-Americans registered to vote in Mississippi & 66,000 in Alabama and 58,000 in South Carolina. • 1966- African –Americans registered to vote increased to 175,000 in Mississippi, 250,000 in Alabama and 191,000 in South Carolina.

13. Academics • Brown vs. Board of Education. Topeka, Kansas • June 25, 1951- U.S. District Court of the District of Kansas heard the case • The “separate but equal” doctrine suggested that the African-American race was inferior to the White race

14. Academics • Dr. Hugh W. Speer, an expert in the case said… • “if the colored children are denied the experience in school of associating with white children, who represent 90 percent of our national society in which these colored children must live, then the colored child’s curriculum is being greatly curtailed. The Topeka curriculum or any school curriculum cannot be equal under segregation.”

15. Academics • Brown vs. Board of Education case, combined with other cases in South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware headed the decision of May 17, 1954 • Chief Justice Earl Warren struck down the “separate but equal” doctrine and required the desegregation of schools across America in a 9-0 ruling

16. Academics • Complaint filed by CAARD (Coalition for Action Against Racism and Discrimination) at the University of Michigan • The university did not provide some students with the academic and financial support needed for success • Minority students were “intimidated, harassed, and exposed to the oppressive and destructive forces of Jim Crow”

17. Academics • “Among graduate students, those African-Americans who enroll as PhD students are abused and demoralized, told they are not PhD material and are ‘advised’ that their best option is to leave after completing master’s level requirements.” • Simeon Anderson-invited by a professor to enroll in the Construction Engineering and Mgmt. program.

18. Academics • Professor reneged on promises to admit him to the doctoral program and to provide financial support. • Julie Peterson, University spokesperson, said “The University is committed to increasing the participation of women and minorities in our graduate programs.”

19. Blacks Suffer Verbal and Emotional Abuse During Civil Rights Movement -Many innocent black people were attacked with dogs, nightsticks, and water hoses, which was a significant part of the United States' visual memory. -Black Church’s with children were locked in by racist whites and burned to the ground with children screaming inside in the 60’s. -Black churches, businesses and residences with ties to the movement were bombed -Emmett Tills Murder- Bloody Violence against African American children by racist whites. 1955 -Black women during the Civil Rights movement faced terrible ordeal as many are ganged raped by the Klan, black men were lynched even more and black communities were terrorized. -African Americans were called Niggers, childish, by racist whites during the time all of these names added to the verbal abuse and insults racist whites attacked African American’s even pro-civil rights whites with names such as nigger lover etc.. -

20. Black Communities During Civil Rights Movement Black Communities came together during this time movement to provide assistance to each other and for the equal rights under the law from outside forces, and segregation laws became too much for many. Many blacks decided to march, walk to work together carpool with others who had cars. Many tried to form certain organizations that would promote African American unity.

21. Kate’s Pictures

22. Breaking the Color Barrier in Sports!!!!!!!

23. Jack Roosevelt Robinson(Jackie Robinson) • Jackie Robinson was born on January 31, 1919 in Cairo, Georgia. • He then move to Pasadena, California after his father abandoned them. • He went to Pasadena Junior College and then went to UCLA. He played three sports at UCLA football, track, and basketball. • Robinson enlisted in the army after graduating from UCLA. • In 1944 he join the Kansas City Monarchs, which is a Negro League baseball team. • In 1947 Jackie Robinson broke the “Color Barrier” and became the African American to play major league baseball. • Jackie open the doors for all black baseball players. • He was a leader on and off the field. He took negative criticism from whites that call he out by racial slurs. • Robinson retired after the 1956 season because he didn’t wont to be trade to the New York Giants. He was 37 years old. Robinson died on October 24, 1972 in Stamford, Connecticut.

24. Earl Lloyd • Lloyd was born April 3, 1928 in Alexandria, Virginia. • West Virginia State College and graduated in 1950. • He was the first African American to play in an NBA game on October 31, 1950. He played for the Washington Capitols. • He was the first African-American to win an NBA championship it was in1955 with Syracuse. • He Averaged 10.2 points and 7.7 rebounds per game and helped lead Syracuse to 1955 NBA Championship. • He was the first African-American Assistant Coach with Detroit Pistons (1968-70) • He was the second African-American head coach and first African-American bench coach with Detroit Pistons (1970-71) • He was the player of his decade 1947-56. He is one of the 50 greatest players. • He opened the doors for many basketball players including the ones that we watch today.

25. Charles Follis • Charles was born on February 3, 1879 • When Charles graduated from high school he went to Wooster University. He went there in the spring of 1901. He played football for the Wooster A.A. an amateur football team. • Charles Follis became the first black football player in September of 1904. • Follis celebrated his contract signing in 1904 with a remarkable opening performance, leading Shelby to a 29-0 win over Marion. • He played for Shelby for 2 years and stopped because of an injury. • He then began playing baseball for Cuban Giants in New York. He became the first black catcher. • On April 5, 1910, following a Cuban Giants game, Follis collasped into a coma and died. He was 31 years old.

26. Frederick Douglass "Fritz" Pollard • Fritz was born January 27, 1894 in Chicago. • He went to Brown University to play running back and he excelled at that position and won many awards. • After Brown University he played pro football for Akron Pros. • In 1921, Fritz became the co-head coach of the Akron Pros, and still maintained his roster position as running back. • Fritz died May 11, 1986 • He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2005

27. Conclusion • The Civil Rights movement was at it strongest between the years of 1940 to 1960. • Though the movement was at its peak during its period, it is a movement that is still being fought all around the country. • The Civil Rights movement in the United States, was not the only one of its kind. • Movements in the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, and in Africa have all gained great attention because of the movement here in the United States

28. Second Reconstruction • Almost 100 years after the last shot was fired in the Civil War, America was embarking on its second form of Reconstruction. • States all across the country were now working to fight public and private acts of racial discrimination in their state. • During the second half of the 20th century Laws prohibiting the discrimination on Race, Gender and Disability have all been enacted.

29. Long Lasting Affects • The Civil Rights movement, has had some major and long lasting affects. • 1968, LBJ signs the Civil Rights ACT • 1971, Busing is upheld by the Supreme Court as a legitimate way of Integration • 1991, President George H.W Bush signs an extended Policy of the original Civil Rights Act • 2005 Edgar Ray Killen is convicted of manslaughter on the 41st anniversary of him killing three Mississippian Civil Rights Workers

30. Leading the Way • The Civil Rights movement broke many boundaries for not only African Americans but for many other movements to begin. • 1970, American Indian Movement • Late 20th century, Second wave of feminism starts • Gay and Lesbian Movement gains strength in the late 70’s

31. Ending The Civil Rights movement is a movement that has not only opened doors for African Americans, but for almost every other race and gender in the world. Many of the founding members of our Civil Rights movement have passed away, a new generation must be found to carry there message and to continue the fight for equality and justice, both of which we all deserve.