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STANDARD 4a

STANDARD 4a. Students know galaxies are clusters of billions of stars and may have different shapes. GALAXIES. Spiral Galaxy Spiral arms contain gas, dust, and many bright, young stars Older stars are found in the bulge in the center of the galaxy. GALAXIES.

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STANDARD 4a

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  1. STANDARD 4a • Students know galaxies are clusters of billions of stars and may have different shapes

  2. GALAXIES Spiral Galaxy • Spiral arms contain gas, dust, and many bright, young stars • Older stars are found in the bulge in the center of the galaxy

  3. GALAXIES • The Milky Way, our home galaxy, is a spiral galaxy

  4. GALAXIES • Barred Spiral Galaxy

  5. GALAXIES Elliptical Galaxy • Round shaped • No spiral arms • Relatively little gas and dust • Contains mostly older stars

  6. GALAXIES Irregular Galaxy • No regular shape • Contains a great amount of gas, dust and young stars

  7. GALAXIES 146. The Milky Way is an example of A an elliptical galaxy B an irregular galaxy C a spiral galaxy D a quasar ANSWER: C

  8. GALAXIES 147. A typical galaxy may have ________ of stars A hundreds B thousands C millions D billions ANSWER: D

  9. GALAXIES 148. The galaxy pictured below would best be classified as a(n) A barred galaxy B spiral galaxy C irregular galaxy D elliptical galaxy ANSWER: B

  10. STANDARD 4b • Students know that the Sun is one of many stars in the milky Way galaxy and that stars may differ in size, temperature, and color

  11. STARS • Stars are the source of all light in the universe • Stars produce energy through nuclear fusion, the combining of hydrogen atoms to form helium • The sun is an average size star

  12. STARS

  13. STARS • Stars differ in many ways, including temperature, color, size, composition, and brightness • The color and temperature are related • Blue stars are hot and bright • Yellow stars are of average temperature and brightness • Red stars are the coolest and the least bright

  14. STARS • Other types of stars include: • a. Blue giants – Massive blue stars that are very bright and hot • b. Red giants – Massive red stars that are very bright but cool • c. White dwarfs – very small stars that are hot but very dim

  15. STARS • Every star begins its life as part of a nebula, a cloud of dust and gas • Gravity pulls the dust and gas together to form a star at the center • When the star becomes dense enough, nuclear fusion begins and the star lights up

  16. STARS • Eventually the star’s fuel runs out, then • Medium stars expand to become red giants, then shrink to become white dwarfs • Massive stars explode in a super nova and then end up as either a neutron star or a black hole

  17. STARS

  18. STARS • Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is used to classify stars by surface temperature and brightness. • 90% of stars spend of their lives as main-sequence stars and form the center diagonal on the H-R diagram

  19. STARS 149. What color star has the highest surface temperature? A blue B red C white D yellow ANSWER: A

  20. STARS 150. Why do stars and other large celestial objects have a spherical shape? A All objects become spherical when they melt B Atomic and molecular forces cause all objects to become spherical C Gravity attracts matter within these objects toward a central point D Multiple collisions cause these objects to become rounded ANSWER: C

  21. STARS 151. Every star begins its life as a A nebula B white dwarf C black hole D pulsar ANSWER: A

  22. STARS 152. What determines whether a star becomes a white dwarf or a supernova? A its color B its diameter C its mass D its temperature ANSWER: C

  23. STARS 153. According to the diagram, which of the following stars is the coolest and dimmest A Zeta Eridani B Procyon C the sun D Barnard’s Star ANSWER: D

  24. STARS 154. Which of these stars is a main sequence star? A the sun B Sirius B C North Star D Aldebaran ANSWER: A

  25. STANDARD 4c • Students know how to use astronomical units and light years as measure of distance between the Sun, stars, and Earth

  26. MEASUREMENT IN SPACE • Measure distances in the solar system by using the astronomical unit (AU). • It is the average distance between the Earth and the sun (93 million miles)

  27. MEASUREMENT IN SPACE • The distances between stars is so vast that we measure these distances in light-years. • Light-year is the distance light travels in one year (9.5 x 1015 m), which is 9 trillion km or 6 trillion miles

  28. MEASUREMENT IN SPACE 156. If an astronomer observes that an object in the solar system is twice as far from the sun as Earth is, how far would that object be from the sun in astronomical units? A 1 AU B 2 AU C 3 AU D 4 AU ANSWER: B

  29. MEASUREMENT IN SPACE 157. What is the approximate distance to Saturn? A 1 AU B 1 light-year C 10 AU D 100 million meters ANSWER: C

  30. MEASUREMENT IN SPACE 159. The Milky Way is about 100,000 light-years wide. To cross the Milky Way, light takes about A 100 years B 1,000 years C 100,000 years D 1,000,000 years ANSWER: C

  31. STANDARD 4d • Students know that stars are the source of light for all bright objects in outer space and that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight, not by their own light

  32. STARLIGHT Stars: the source of all light in the UNIVERSE The moon and planets shine at night from reflected light, not from their own light. This light comes only from the sun or other stars.

  33. STARLIGHT • Stars differ in brightness. A star’s brightness depends on size and temperature • Large stars are brighter than small stars and hot stars are brighter than cool stars • Absolute brightness is the brightness the star would have if it were at a standard distance from Earth • Apparent brightness is the star’s brightness as seen from Earth.

  34. STARLIGHT • The moon’s phases are the different shapes of the moon as seen from Earth • The moon’s phases demonstrate that the moon reflects the sun’s light to Earth • The phases depend on how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth • A new moon occurs when the moon moves between the sun and Earth. The sunlit side of the moon faces away from Earth • A full moon occurs when the entire sunlit side of the moon faces Earth

  35. STARLIGHT http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2503/es2503page01.cfm

  36. STARLIGHT • An eclipse is when an object in space comes between the sun and another object • A solar eclipse occurs when the moon moves directly between Earth and the sun, blocking sunlight from reaching parts of Earth’s surface. New moon • A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth is directly between the moon and the sun, blocking sunlight from reaching the moon. Full moon

  37. STARLIGHT

  38. STARLIGHT 160. What phase of the moon would someone on Earth see when the moon is at position D? A new moon B first quarter C full moon D third quarter ANSWER: C

  39. STARLIGHT 161. On a clear night, a student notices that a star in the constellation Orion is much brighter than the star next to it. What observation has the student made? A the first star has a greater apparent brightness than the second star B the first star is producing more light than the second star C the first star has a greater absolute brightness than the second star D the first star is farther along in its life cycle than the second star ANSWER: A

  40. STARLIGHT 162. What produces light in a star? A combustion B fluorescent minerals C nuclear fusion D reflection of light from planets ANSWER: C

  41. STARLIGHT 163. For a solar eclipse to occur A the sun must be directly between Earth and the moon B the moon must be directly between Earth and the sun C the moon must be directly behind the Earth D Earth must be directly between the sun and the moon ANSWER: B

  42. STARLIGHT 164. Four of Jupiter’s satellites (moons) can be seen from Earth using a telescope. What makes these satellites visible? A Light emitted by the satellites B light emitted by Earth and reflected by the satellites C light emitted by Jupiter and reflected by the satellites D light emitted by the sun and reflected by the satellites ANSWER: D

  43. STANDARD 4e • Students know the appearance, general composition, relative position and size, and motion of objects in the solar system, including planets, planetary satellites, comets, and asteroids

  44. SOLAR SYSTEM • The solar system includes the sun, the nine planets, and all of the other objects orbiting the sun. • Other objects in the solar system include satellites (moons), asteroids, meteors and comets

  45. SOLAR SYSTEM • The solar system formed from a cloud of gas and dust, called a nebula, that collapsed due to gravity.

  46. SOLAR SYSTEM • The inner planets (Mercury to Mars) are small, dense, and rocky. Also called terrestial planets • The outer planets (Jupiter to Neptune) are large, made mostly of gas, and do not have solid surfaces. Also called the gas giants. • Pluto is similar to the composition of the inner planets and is now considered a dwarf planet

  47. SOLAR SYSTEM

  48. SOLAR SYSTEM Relative Size of planets in our Solar System

  49. Astronomy OBJECTS IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM My Very Energetic Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas SUN Asteroid Belt

  50. SOLAR SYSTEM • Comets are small bodies of ice, rock and dust loosely packed together and revolve around the sun in large orbits. • Originate either in the Kuiper belt or the Oort Cloud. These are regions that extend outside the orbit of Neptune

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