ECON 1001 AB Introduction to Economics I Dr. Ka-fu WONG

1. ECON 1001 ABIntroduction to Economics IDr. Ka-fu WONG Fifth weekof tutorial sessions KKL 925, K812, KKL 106 Clifford CHAN KKL 1109 givencana@yahoo.ca

2. Covered and to be covered • Covered last week • Dr. Wong finished up to slide #26 of kf005.ppt • You should have at least read up toChapter 5 Demand: The Benefit Side of the Market, and the Appendix • If not, please press hard on it. Start reading Chapter 6 • Your first Economics Naturalist writing assignment is due this Friday October 12. • To be covered in the tutorial sessions this week • Problems in chapter 5: #1, #3, #5, #7, #8 and#9 • You are advised to work on the even ones as well

3. Problem #1, Chapter 5 • In which type of restaurant do you expect the service to be more prompt and courteous: an expensive gourmet restaurant or an inexpensive diner? Explain.

4. Solution to Problem #1 (1) • Refer to chapter 1 • We discussed that the amount you are willing to spend on a certain product reveals the value or the benefit of the product • If you are rational and are willing to pay $800 for an admission ticket to watch a concert, the value or benefit of the concert must be at least $800 • In the question, two options are given: an expensive gourmet restaurant and an inexpensive diner • Both the restaurant and the diner are actually businesses selling food and services

5. Solution to Problem #1 (2) • In of terms of Economics goods, is “food” a normal good or an inferior good? • Food is both a necessity and a normal good. If your income increases, you will probably increase your consumption in food or increase your consumption in expensive food like premium beef and seafood • In of terms of Economics goods, is “service” a normal good or an inferior good? • Service is also a normal good. If your income increases, you will probably spend more on service or spend more on expensive service like hiring a in-house maid to do all the housework or hiring an professional accountant to look over your wealth management

6. Solution to Problem #1 (3) • Thus, “Willingness to pay for FOOD”, and that for SERVICE are increasing functions with income • Expensive gourmet restaurants like those in ifc or in luxurious hotels target on diners who earn higher incomes • Inexpensive diners like those on campus target on diners who earn lower incomes

7. Solution to Problem #1 (4) • To attract diners earning higher incomes and charge them a higher price, expensive gourmet restaurants provide high quality of food as well as high quality of service • To attract diners earning lower incomes and charge them a lower price, inexpensive diners provide low quality of food as well as low quality of service (self-serve on campus)

8. Problem #3, Chapter 5 • Martha’s current marginal utility from consuming orange juice is 75 utils per ounce and her marginal utility from consuming coffee is 50 utils per ounce. If orange juice costs 25 cents per ounce and coffee costs 20 cents per ounce, is Martha maximizing her total utility from the two beverages? If so, explain how you know. If not, how should she rearrange her spending?

9. Solution to Problem #3 (1) • Notion of marginal utility • The extra (additional) satisfaction one derives from one’s consumption activities • Thus, we can draw a parallel line between marginal utility and marginal benefit • Recall from chapter 1 and chapter 2 • Rule of allocating resources • For a resource that is perfectly divisible, and for activities for which the marginal product of the resource is not always higher in one than in the others, the rule is: • Allocate the resource so that its marginal benefit is the same in every activity

10. Solution to Problem #3 (2) • Since the marginal utility from consuming (75 utils) orange juice is not the same as the marginal utility from consuming coffee (50 utils), Martha has not maximized total utility from drinking orange juice and coffee • Alternatively, we can take a different approach to the problem as follows • When the quantity of each good can be varied continuously, we can solve this problem by applying the Rational Spending Rule: • Spending should be allocated across goods so that the marginal utility per dollar is the same for each good

11. Solution to Problem #3 (3) • Currently, • The marginal utility from drinking orange juice per dollar • = Marginal utility from consuming orange juice / Price per ounce • = 75 utils / $0.25 • = 300 utils per dollar from her last dollar spent on orange juice • The marginal utility from drinking coffee per dollar • = Marginal utility from consuming coffee / Price per ounce • = 50 utils / $0.20 • = 250 utils per dollar from her last dollar spent on coffee

12. Solution to Problem #3 (4) • As the marginal utilities from consuming orange juice and coffee are not the same, Martha has not maximized her total utility from drinking orange juice and coffee • To improve her total utility from consuming orange juice and coffee, Martha should drink more orange juice and less coffee • Why? • Drinking more orange juice will drive down the marginal utility from consuming orange juice per dollar • Drinking less coffee will drive up the marginal utility from consuming coffee per dollar • Note utility is a decreasing function with consumption

13. Problem #5, Chapter 5 • Sue gets a total of 20 utils per week from her consumption of pizza and a total of 40 utils per week from her consumption of yogurt. The price of pizza is $1 per slice, the price of yogurt is $1 per cup, and she consumes 10 slices of pizza and 20 cups of yogurt each week. • True and false: Sue is consuming the optimalcombination of pizza and yogurt.

14. Solution to Problem #5 (1) • Insufficient information!!! • To prove whether Ann is consuming an optimal combination of pizza and yogurt, we need to check whether the Rational Spending Rule holds in her case • Rational Spending Rule holds if the marginal utilities per dollar from the consumptive activities are the same • Unlike Problem #3 in which marginal utilities of consumptive activities are given, Problem #5 provides total utilities of consumptive activities • Thus, we can only come out with the average utilities per dollar from consuming pizza and yogurt

15. Problem #7, Chapter 5 • For the demand curve shown, find the total amount of consumer surplus that results in the gasoline market if gasoline sells for $2 per gallon 10 Price ($/gallon) 2 80 100 1,000s of gallons/yr

16. Solution to Problem #7 (1) • Reservationprice refers to the maximum price that one will pay to buy a certain product or service • Consumer’s surplus refers to the difference between a buyer’s reservation price for a product and the price actually paid • For example, I am willing to pay $30 for a Ham and cheese source sandwich sold at Starbucks for which it is sold for only $20 • My maximum willingness to pay (reservation price) is $30 • The actual price I have to pay is $20 • Consumer surplus = $30 - $20 = $10

17. Solution to Problem #7 (2) • If we keep calculating the consumer surplus in such a way that one’s reservation price minus the actual market price of gasoline ($2), we will get a total consumer surplus that is equal to the area under the demand curve but above the actual price ($2) • Consumer’s surplus when the gasoline is $2 per gallon • = ($10-$2) * 800,000 gallons * (1/2) = $320,000 • Consumer’s surplus when the gasoline is $0 per gallon • = ($10-$0) * 100,000 gallons * (1/2) = $500,000

18. Solution to Problem #7 (3) • Consumer’s surplus • The area under the demand curve but above the actual market price • It is a triangle under a linear demand curve but above the actual market price

19. Problem #8 (1), Chapter 5 • Tom has a weekly allowance of $24, all of which he spends on pizza and movie rentals, whose prices are $6 per slice and $3 per rental, respectively. If slices of pizza and movie rentals are available only in whole-number amounts, list all possible combinations of the two goods that Tom can produce each week with his allowance

20. Problem #8 (2), Chapter 5

21. Solution to Problem #8 (1) • Tom has a weekly allowance of $24 which he can spent on pizza and movie rentals • $6 for a slice of pizza • $3 for a movie rental

22. Problem #9, Chapter 5 • Refer to Problem #8. Tom’s total utility is the sum of the utility he derives from pizza and movie rentals. If these utilities vary with the amounts consumed as shown in the table, and pizzas and movie rentals are again consumable only in whole-number amounts, how many pizzas and how many movie rentals should Tom consume each week?

23. Solution to Problem #9 (1) • To find the optimal combination of consumption in pizzas and movie rentals, we need to calculate the total utility of each possible combination of consumption on the two goods

24. Solution to Problem #9 (2) • Recall marginal utility • The extra (additional) satisfaction one derives from one’s consumption activities • The higher level of utility, the higher level of satisfaction • Based on the above table, Tom should consume 3 slices of pizza and 2 movie rentals per week, as this is the optimal combination yielding the maximum total utility (100)

25. The end Thanks for coming! Good luck onyour writing assignment!!!