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Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya

Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya. Philip M. Kitala 1 and Stella Kiambi 2 1 University of Nairobi Dept Public Health, Pharm and Toxi Email: pkitala@uonbi.ac.ke 2 Ministry of Livestock Development Zoonoses Disease Unit (ZDU) Email: gaichuki@yahoo.com. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya.

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Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya

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  1. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya Philip M. Kitala1 and Stella Kiambi2 1University of Nairobi Dept Public Health, Pharm and Toxi Email: pkitala@uonbi.ac.ke 2Ministry of Livestock Development ZoonosesDisease Unit (ZDU) Email: gaichuki@yahoo.com

  2. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya History of rabies • Rabies, an ancient disease, is well known in Kenya • 1st confirmed rabies case was in 1912 in a dog in the outskirts of Nairobi • 1st documented human rabies case was in 1928 in a woman from South Nyanza • Records kept by the Vet Dept shows that Kenya experienced rabies epidemics in early 1930s, late 1940s, and early 1950s

  3. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… • Widespread deployment of an egg-adapted life virus vaccine in the 1950s and 1960s, effectively controlled rabies so that by 1973, the disease was virtually eliminated from the country • However, following an outbreak in late 1974 in Taita/Taveta, the rabies situation changed dramatically • By 1979,the disease had spread along the densely populated coastal strip and along the Tanzania border to Trans Mara, South Nyanza, and Western Kenya

  4. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… • By end of 1982, rabies had spread throughout Nyanza, Western Province, Central Rift Valley, Nairobi and adjacent areas • To date rabies is more widespread and prevalent in Kenya than at any time in its history • By 1992, only 4 districts of the then 41 (10%), had no confirmed rabies cases

  5. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… Figure 1: Distribution of confirmed animal rabies cases in Kenya, 2002 – March, 2013

  6. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya…

  7. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… Distribution of rabies cases by species • The domestic dog remains the principal reservoir and transmitter of rabies to both man and his other domestic animals in Kenya • From 1912 to end of May 1991, a total of 2931 animal specimens were confirmed positive with dogs accounting for 64.2% (1881) • Between 1983-1990, domestic dogs accounted for 63% of the 2149 animal rabies cases confirmed

  8. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… • By contrast, of the 1034 animal specimens confirmed positive for rabies in the last ten years (2002-March 2013), dogs accounted for 46% of the positives and cattle 37%. • We believe this apparent decline in dog rabies prevalence is a reflection of weaknesses of the surveillance of rabies in recent years – suspected rabies in the more economically important dairy cattle are more likely to be reported by their owners relative to suspected dog rabies cases.

  9. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… • Due to defective surveillance of rabies in the country these figures should only be taken as an indication of the rabies trend in the country and not a reflection of the true incidence of the disease and therefore rabies burden

  10. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… Confirmed rabies cases by species in Kenya, 2002-March 2013

  11. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya…

  12. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… Rabies trend in Kenya, 2002-March 2013

  13. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… • Role of wildlife in the epidemiology of rabies in Kenya remains unclear • The disease has been confirmed in the following wildlife species: Jackals Fox Mongoose (white-tailed) Hyena Genet cat Leopard Squirrel Monkey Honey badger Bat (Lagos bat virus, Shimoni bat virus) • The few wildlife rabies virus isolates so far typed have been found to be of the canid type (Africa 1b) – indicating transmission from dogs to wildlife

  14. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… Human cases of animal bites • Over the last three years, a total of 318 456 cases of animal-bites were documented countrywide: 2010 ---------------- 38 944 2011 ---------------- 133 150 2012 ---------------- 146 362 • Assuming a human population of 40 million people, the crude estimate of animal-bite incidence for the three years: 2010 ---------------- 97 bites /100 000 population 2011 ----------------- 333 bites /100 000 population (3.4 times) 2013 ----------------- 366 bites /100 000 population (1.1 times) • Compare with incidence estimated for Machakos 1992/1993 of 234/100 000 population (97% by dogs) and for Tanzania in 2010 of 140/100 000 population

  15. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… Human rabies cases • Information on numbers of confirmed human rabies cases in Kenya is scanty • True incidence of human rabies deaths in Kenya is grossly underestimated • Reasons for this are many in Africa: • Rabies victims are often too ill to travel to hospital or die before arrival; • Families recognize the futility of medical treatment for rabies

  16. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… 3) Patients are considered to be the victims of bewitchment rather disease; 4) Clinically recognized cases at hospitals may go unreported to central authorities 5) Misdiagnosis is not uncommon

  17. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… Spatial distribution of human rabies cases in Kenya, 2002-March 2013

  18. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… Conclusions • The rabies burden in Kenya is likely to be substantial but its size and extent remains unknown • The domestic dog remains the principal reservoir and vector of rabies in the country • Past rabies control efforts have been ineffective • Rabies occurs over large parts of the country mainly due to a large, poorly supervised, and inadequately protected dog population by vaccination

  19. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… What is lacking? • Better reporting of both rabies cases and dog bites in the country • Better communication between the veterinary and medical communities in terms of: • Outbreak reporting • Information flow • Joint vaccination programs • Budgets

  20. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… • Scaled-up approach across wide regions rather than a one-off exercise • Big scale interventions over long periods of time, with annual vaccination of dogs • Centralized management • Commitment to a sustained budget • CAN IT BE DONE?

  21. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… Vaccinateddogs (Millions)

  22. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya…

  23. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya…

  24. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya…

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  27. Epidemiology of rabies in Kenya… • THANK YOU!

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