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Explore the delicate balance between security and privacy in the age of cyberterror. Discover the unintended consequences of seeking enhanced security measures and the impact on personal privacy.
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Balancing Security and Privacyin Times of Cyberterror EDUCAUSE Southwest Regional Conference February 22, 2007 Steve Worona EDUCAUSE sworona@educause.edu
The Internet ObeysOnly One Law The Law of Unintended Consequences
Example 1: A Story from the Dawn of (Internet) Time It all started in 1995 with a simple question: What’s the best resource for filtering out adult material for K-12 students? • Net Nanny • Cybersitter • Surfwatch • Cyber Patrol • Etc.…
Example 2:A Poll on Campaign Finance Proposition 1:Who are our political candidates taking money from? This should be public information.(Agree/Disagree?)
Example 2:A Poll on Campaign Finance Proposition 1:Who are our political candidates taking money from? This should be public information.(Agree/Disagree?) Proposition 2:What political candidates are you giving money to? This should be public information.(Agree/Disagree?)
Example 3:Do you want Privacyor Privacy? Sorry, you can’t have both.
“You can’t have Privacywithout Security” • Privacy: Ensuring that your personal information doesn’t fall into the wrong hands
“You can’t have Privacywithout Security” • Privacy: Ensuring that your personal information doesn’t fall into the wrong hands • “VA Data Files on Millions of Veterans Stolen” • “Bank of America Loses A Million Customer Records” • “UCLA Warns 800,000 of Computer Break-In”
“You can’t have Privacywithout Security” • Privacy: Ensuring that your personal information doesn’t fall into the wrong hands • “VA Data Files on Millions of Veterans Stolen” • “Bank of America Loses A Million Customer Records” • “UCLA Warns 800,000 of Computer Break-In” • HIPAA, FERPA, etc. • State and federal data-spill notification mandates
“You can’t have Privacywithout Security” • Privacy: Ensuring that your personal information doesn’t fall into the wrong hands • “VA Data Files on Millions of Veterans Stolen” • “Bank of America Loses A Million Customer Records” • “UCLA Warns 800,000 of Computer Break-In” • HIPAA, FERPA, etc. • State and federal data-spill notification mandates • Security: Limiting everyone’s activity to only the things they have a right to see and do • Who is trying to access data (“Authentication”) • Whether they have the right (“Authorization”)
So Whenever Anyone Does Anything Online,We Want to Know… • Who they are
So Whenever Anyone Does Anything Online,We Want to Know… • Who they are • What they’re doing
So Whenever Anyone Does Anything Online,We Want to Know… • Who they are • What they’re doing • Why they’re doing it
Authentication Mechanisms • Accounts and passwords • ATM cards and PINs • Smart cards • Challenge/response systems • Digital certificates • Key-fob tokens • Biometrics • Etc…
When to Authenticate • Each time a data element is accessed • Each time a screen is presented • Each time a transaction is initiated • Once every minute/15 minutes/hour/day • “Single Sign-On”
“To Whom” to Authenticate • The program you’re talking to • The server you’re talking to • The network
The Trend • Single sign-on • With possible refresh for sensitive transactions • Network sign-on • Stronger authentication • “Guest” authentication • Wireless authentication • Identity intermediaries • Shibboleth
Another Definition of Privacy • Privacy: The ability to go about your daily life without leaving a trail; the ability to read, speak, attend meetings, etc. anonymously
The Importance of Anonymity “Anonymous pamphlets, leaflets, brochures and even books have played an important role in the progress of mankind. Persecuted groups and sects from time to time throughout history have been able to criticize oppressive practices and laws either anonymously or not at all.” – Hugo Black, Talley v. California, 1960
Privacy1 vs Privacy2 • Privacy1: Ensuring that your personal information doesn’t fall into the wrong hands. (“Confidentiality”) • Privacy2: The ability to go about your daily life without leaving a trail; the ability to read (speak, attend meetings, etc.) anonymously. (“Anonymity”)
The Dilemma • We want to go through cyber-life without leaving a trail
The Dilemma • We want to go through cyber-life without leaving a trail • But we want everyone who comes in contact with our data (and with us) to be identified and monitored
The Dilemma • We want to go through cyber-life without leaving a trail • But we want everyone who comes in contact with our data (and with us) to be identified and monitored • Spam • Phishing • Threats • Poison-pen postings • Baseless accusations • Etc…
The Dilemma • We want to go through cyber-life without leaving a trail • But we want everyone who comes in contact with our data (and with us) to be identified and monitored Not Much Different Than • We want everyone to know who the candidates are getting money from • But we don’t want anyone to know who we are giving money to
Privacy Can Be Tricky:Consider Chat Rooms • In general you have no legal “expectation of privacy” in a chat room because you don’t know who else is listening • You’re essentially speaking in public • You have no reason to believe a police officer (on- or off-duty) isn’t present • US vs Charbonneau
Privacy Can Be Tricky:Consider Chat Rooms • In general you have no legal “expectation of privacy” in a chat room because you don’t know who else is listening • You’re essentially speaking in public • You have no reason to believe a police officer (on- or off-duty) isn’t present • US vs Charbonneau • What are the limitations on government surveillance of chat rooms?
Privacy Can Be Tricky:Consider Chat Rooms • In general you have no legal “expectation of privacy” in a chat room because you don’t know who else is listening • You’re essentially speaking in public • You have no reason to believe a police officer (on- or off-duty) isn’t present • US vs Charbonneau • What are the limitations on government surveillance of chat rooms? • Child molestors
Privacy Can Be Tricky:Consider Chat Rooms • In general you have no legal “expectation of privacy” in a chat room because you don’t know who else is listening • You’re essentially speaking in public • You have no reason to believe a police officer (on- or off-duty) isn’t present • US vs Charbonneau • What are the limitations on government surveillance of chat rooms? • Child molestors • Dissident political groups
The Dilemma • We want to go through cyber-life without leaving a trail • But we want everyone who comes in contact with our data (and with us) to be identified and monitored Not Much Different Than • We want everyone to know who the candidates are getting money from • But we don’t want anyone to know who we are giving money to
“Identified and Monitored” • “Government Plans Massive Data Sweep” • “Feds Get Wide Wiretap Authority” • “NSA Has Massive Database of Americans’ Phone Calls” • “Finance-Monitoring Program Amounts to Spying” • “Police Chief Wants Surveillance Cameras in Houston Apartments” • “Future Fuzzy for Government Use of Public Surveillance Cameras”
Why Now? • Because we can
Why Now? • Because we can • Technology now makes it possible to collect, maintain, and process everything you do • Moore’s Law is not being repealed • Brain = 1TB = $500 retail • Gordon Bell: MyLifeBits (10TB) • Library of Congress = 100TB • WORM drives • The Internet Archive • Ray Kurzweil: “The Singularity Is Near”
Why Now? • Because we can • And so our only limitations are those we choose to impose on ourselves
Why Now? • Because we can • Because we (think we) must
Why Now? • Because we can • Because we (think we) must • Why?
Why Now? • Because we can • Because we (think we) must • Because it makes law enforcement easier
Law Enforcement and Data • Specific, focused, temporary • Tap, probe, monitor, investigate what’s needed to deal with a particular crime or threat
The Fourth Amendment The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Law Enforcement and Data • Specific, focused, temporary • Tap, probe, monitor, investigate what’s needed to deal with a particular crime or threat • Just in case • Capture all possible information so that, whenever something goes wrong, we can just play back the tape