Civil War

1. Civil War 1861-1865

2. “A House Divided” • The issue of slavery • Political division • Social impacts • Lincoln-Douglas Debates

3. Slave States Territories Slave States Free States

4. Election of 1860 Candidate Electoral Votes Popular Vote

6. Southern Secession • What Southerners feared was now a reality – a man had won the presidency based on his dedication to antislavery • December 20, 1860 - South Carolina met in convention and unanimously adopted an ordinance of secession • February 1861- delegates from seven states met in Alabama to adopt a new constitution and elected Jefferson Davis president • South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

7. Upper South • The upper South was undecided on secession • Republican party refused to do anything to bring these Southern states back in

8. Northern Reaction • South did not have the constitutional right to secede • Federal authority in the South silently collapsed as officials took positions under the Confederacy

9. Forts in Confederate Territory • Two forts were built to protect the U.S. against foreign enemies; Ft. Pickens in Pensacola, Florida and Ft. Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina • Both garrison commanders retained allegiance to the Union and would not lower their flag!

10. Ft. Sumter • Reinforcements were sent to Sumter but never made it • Lincoln only sends food, not weapons or men • S.C. and the Confederacy felt pressure to prove that they were an independent nation • April 12, 1861 – Confederates fire on Ft. Sumter

11. An Insurrection Exists! • April 15, 1861 – Lincoln issued a proclamation that an insurrection existed in the boundaries of the U.S • Lincoln called for 75,000 troops for 3 months

12. More States Secede • Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia all joined the Confederacy = 11 states total • Yet, the Confederate flag has 13 stars….???

13. Border States Kentucky • These states were key to both the Union and the Confederacy • Maryland (surrounds Washington, D.C.) and Kentucky(industry/resources) were the most important Missouri Maryland Delaware

14. North: Advantages • Had double the Confederacy’s population • North out produced the South in corn and wheat • Twice as many horses as the South • 9/10s of nation’s industrial capacity • Twice as many railway lines

15. South: Advantages • Union was on the offensive • South was fighting for their families and way of life • Fought on their own terrain near supply lines • Just had to resist long enough to win • Superior military leadership

16. First Battle:Bull Run • July 1861 – Union and Confederate troops meet at Manassas junction • Both armies are unseasoned and unorganized • The Confederacy claimed victory when the Union troops ran away • This battle let both sides know that it was going to be a long war • No more fighting in 1861 while both sides built up their armies

17. First Modern War • The Civil War is often referred to as the first modern war because of the use of the rifled musket

18. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania • July 1863 • Union stood strong for three days • Great Union victory • Bloodiest battle of the war

19. Generals: Stonewall Jackson • Promoted to General during the Mexican War • Took command of Confederate forces in the Shenandoah Valley • Lee’s greatest Lieutenant until he was shot at Chancellorsville and died of pneumonia shortly after

20. Generals: Robert E. Lee • First to be offered field command of UNION troops by Lincoln, but refused • Successful in many early battles, but his defeat at Gettysburg constituted the turning point of the war • Commander of the Northern Virginia troops, but he became commander of all Confederate armies in Feb. 1865

21. Generals: Ulysses S. Grant • Hero of the West • Became supreme commander of the Union forces March 1864 • He wore down Lee’s forces forcing thesurrender at Appomattox, VA on April 9, 1865

22. Generals: William T. Sherman • After Shiloh was promoted to major general • Captured Atlanta then began his “March to the Sea” to capture Savannah, Georgia (1864) • Took command of U.S. army in 1869 after Grant became president

23. Emancipation Proclamation • To retain the loyalty of the border states Lincoln had resisted demands of the radical Republicans for abolition • The Proclamation declared that slaves in all areas still in rebellion were “then, henceforward, and forever free.” • Helps the war effort by offering a moral reason to fight

24. Sherman’s March to the Sea • Sherman led 62,000 men without supplies • Orders were to live off the country and destroy war supplies, public buildings, railroads and factories • Sherman’s actions here are the reason he is often referred to as the first modern general

25. Start

26. The South Surrenders • Union soldiers surround Lee in Virginia – no possible escape route • Confederate troops desperate – many starving • April 9, 1865 Appomattox Court House, Virginia

27. Lincoln Assassinated! • April 14, 1865 - Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, a radical Confederate supporter, while watching a performance of Our American Cousin • He was carried unconscious across the street where he died the next morning

28. Results of the War • 600,000 dead • South devastated • Slavery ended with the Thirteenth Amendment, December 18, 1865 Many questions unaswered… • Who will be responsible for deciding how to deal with the rebellious South? Congress? The president? • Will the new president, Andrew Johnson, a southerner, follow Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction? • What will the status of the freemen be?