学业指导 Academic Guidance for Undergraduates

学业指导Academic Guidance for Undergraduates 南京工业大学教务处 2012-08

几个值得注意的现象 • 有些人刚刚明白大学是怎么回事，就已经毕业了； • 有些人还没有明白，就糊里糊涂毕业了； • 有些人最后终于明白了，不过没能毕业； • 还有些人一直没明白，也没能毕业。

课程说明 • 课程之目标 • 从总体上探讨何谓大学、大学学什么和如何学的问题 • 为此，从三方面展开 • 认识大学——回答什么是大学的问题（1讲） • 感受大学——了解我们的大学（学生以自我体验方式完成） • 成就大学——讨论学什么和如何学的问题（2讲） • 课程实施——讲课（3）+学生体验（1）+讨论（1） • 课程团队——陈新民、孙芸、郑乐、费翔（联系方式：58139182，jwcjy@njut.edu.cn）

？大家对课程的预期是什么

学业指导-1Academic Guidance for Undergraduates 认识大学 ——什么是大学

思考？ • 何谓大学？ • 如何认识大学？ • 我们的认识路径

认识大学的两条路径 • 从中学与大学的比较中认识大学——横向 • 从大学的发展历史中认识大学——纵向

思考？ • 大学与中学有何不同？

中学与大学之区别 • CHOOSING RESPONSIBLY IN COLLEGE • SUCCEEDING IN COLLEGE CLASSES • COLLEGE PROFESSORS • TESTS IN COLLEGE • GRADES IN COLLEGE • FOLLOWING THE RULES IN HIGH SCHOOL • GOING TO HIGH SCHOOL CLASSES • HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS • TESTS IN HIGH SCHOOL • GRADES IN HIGH SCHOOL

中学与大学之区别-1 • FOLLOWING THE RULES IN HIGH SCHOOL • CHOOSING RESPONSIBLY IN COLLEGE

中学与大学之区别-1 • High school ismandatoryand usuallyfree. • College isvoluntaryand expensive.

中学与大学之区别-1 • Your time is structured by others. • You manage your own time.

中学与大学之区别-1 • You need permission to participate in extracurricular activities. • You must decide whether to participate in co-curricular activities.

中学与大学之区别-1 • You can count on parents and teachers to remind you of your responsibilities and to guide you in setting priorities. • You must balance your responsibilities and set priorities. You will face moral and ethical decisions you have never faced before.

中学与大学之区别-1 • Most of your classes are arranged for you. • You arrange your own schedule in consultation with your adviser. Schedules tend to look lighter than they really are.

中学与大学之区别-1 • You are not responsible for knowing what it takes to graduate. • Graduation requirements are complex, and differ from year to year. You are expected to know those that apply to you.

中学与大学之区别-1 • Guiding principle: You will usually be told what to do and corrected if your behavior is out of line. • Guiding principle: You are expected to take responsibility for what you do and don't do, as well as for the consequences of your decisions.

中学与大学之区别-2 • GOING TO HIGH SCHOOL CLASSES • SUCCEEDING IN COLLEGE CLASSES

中学与大学之区别-2 • Classes generally have no more than 50 students. • Classes may number 100 students or more.

中学与大学之区别-2 • You may study outside class as little as 0 to 2 hours a week, and this may be mostly last-minute test preparation. • You need to study at least 2 to 3 hours outside of class for each hour in class.

中学与大学之区别-2 • You seldom need to read anything more than once, and sometimes listening in class is enough. • You need to review class notes and text material regularly.

中学与大学之区别-2 • You are expected to read short assignments that are then discussed, and often re-taught, in class. • You are assigned substantial amounts of reading and writing which may not be directly addressed in class.

中学与大学之区别-2 • Guiding principle: You will usually be told in class what you need to learn from assigned readings. • Guiding principle: It's up to you to read and understand the assigned material; lectures and assignments proceed from the assumption that you've already done so.

中学与大学之区别-3 • HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS • COLLEGE PROFESSORS

中学与大学之区别-3 • Teachers check your completed homework. • Professors may not always check completed homework, but they will assume you can perform the same tasks on tests.

中学与大学之区别-3 • Teachers remind you of your incomplete work. • Professors may not remind you of incomplete work.

中学与大学之区别-3 • Teachers approach you if they believe you need assistance. • Professors are usually open and helpful, but most expect you to initiate contact if you need assistance.

中学与大学之区别-3 • Teachers are often available for conversation before, during, or after class. • Professors expect and want you to attend their scheduled office hours.

中学与大学之区别-3 • Teachers have been trained in teaching methods to assist in imparting knowledge to students. • Professors have been trained as experts in their particular areas of research.

中学与大学之区别-3 • Teachers provide you with information you missed when you were absent. • Professors expect you to get from classmates any notes from classes you missed.

中学与大学之区别-3 • Teachers present material to help you understand the material in the textbook. • Professors may not follow the textbook. Instead, to amplify the text, they may give illustrations, provide background information, or discuss research about the topic you are studying. Or they may expect you to relate the classes to the textbook readings.

中学与大学之区别-3 • Teachers often write information on the board to be copied in your notes. • Professors may lecture nonstop, expecting you to identify the important points in your notes. When professors write on the board, it may be to amplify the lecture, not to summarize it. Good notes are a must.

中学与大学之区别-3 • Teachers impart knowledge and facts, sometimes drawing direct connections and leading you through the thinking process. • Professors expect you to think about and synthesize seemingly unrelated topics.

中学与大学之区别-3 • Teachers often take time to remind you of assignments and due dates. • Professors expect you to read, save, and consult the course syllabus (outline); the syllabus spells out exactly what is expected of you, when it is due, and how you will be graded.

中学与大学之区别-3 • Teachers carefully monitor class attendance. • Professors may not formally take roll, but they are still likely to know whether or not you attended.

中学与大学之区别-3 • Guiding principle: High school is ateachingenvironment in which you acquire facts and skills. • Guiding principle: College is a learning environment in which you take responsibility for thinking through and applying what you have learned.

中学与大学之区别-4 • TESTS IN HIGH SCHOOL • TESTS IN COLLEGE

中学与大学之区别-4 • Testing is frequent and covers small amounts of material. • Testing is usually infrequent and may be cumulative, covering large amounts of material. You, not the professor, need to organize the material to prepare for the test. A particular course may have only 2 or 3 tests in a semester.

中学与大学之区别-4 • Teachers frequently rearrange test dates to avoid conflict with school events. • Professors in different courses usually schedule tests without regard to the demands of other courses or outside activities.

中学与大学之区别-4 • Teachers frequently conduct review sessions, pointing out the most important concepts. • Professors rarely offer review sessions, and when they do, they expect you to be an active participant, one who comes prepared with questions.

中学与大学之区别-4 • Guiding principle: Mastery is usually seen as the ability toreproducewhat you were taught in the form in which it was presented to you, or to solve the kinds of problems you were shown how to solve. • Guiding principle: Mastery is often seen as the ability to apply what you've learned to new situations or to solve new kinds of problems.

中学与大学之区别-5 • GRADES IN HIGH SCHOOL • GRADES IN COLLEGE

中学与大学之区别-5 • Grades are given for most assigned work. • Grades may not be provided for all assigned work.

中学与大学之区别-5 • Consistently good homework grades may raise your overall grade when test grades are low. • Grades on tests and major papers usually provide most of the course grade.

中学与大学之区别-5 • You may graduate as long as you have passed all required courses with a grade of D or higher. • You may graduate only if your average in classes meets the departmental standard--typically a 2.0 or C.

中学与大学之区别-5 • Guiding principle: "Effort counts." Courses are usually structured to reward a "good-faith effort. " • Guiding principle: "Results count." Though "good-faith effort" is important in regard to the professor's willingness to help you achieve good results, it will not substitute for results in the grading process.

从中学与大学的比较中认识大学——横向 • 从大学的发展历史中认识大学——纵向

大学的理念 • 关于大学的思想、观念，是纯粹理性的概念。如：霍尔丹勋爵：“大学是民族灵魂的反映”。亚伯拉罕·弗莱克斯纳：“保存知识和观念、解释知识和观念、追求真理、训练学生以‘继承事业’”。 • 关于大学的理想，是对大学的价值、目的、使命等的认识与追求。如：伯顿·克拉克：“进行科研和研究生教育的探究的场所”。克拉克·克尔：“社会服务站”。

三种具有影响的大学理念 1.纽曼(John Herry Newman,1801-1890)的大学理念：《大学的理想》 • 大学是一个提供博雅教育（liberal education），培育绅士的地方（虽然他也认为大学可以训练职业人才）。 • 大学的目的在于“传授”学问，而不是“发展”知识。 • “如果大学的目的在于科学与哲学的发明，那么，我看不出为什么大学应该有学生”。大学是一个教育机构，是培养人才的机构。

三种具有影响的大学理念 2.弗莱克斯纳(Abraham Flexner, 1866-1959)的大学理念：《现代大学论》 • 洪堡的柏林大学办学理念：大学是研究中心。 • 大学重在发展知识而不是传授知识，当然，通过教学来传授知识也是一个任务。 • 发展知识是为了更好地传授知识。 • 大学应该是一个“有机体”，应该探讨“物理世界”、“社群世界”等方面的知识。大学不应该训练“实务人才”，不应该开设职业训练课程。 • 大学应该注意创造学校和社会文化。研究在大学的出现被看作是“现代”的标志。

学业指导 Academic Guidance for Undergraduates