PowerPoint Supplement Richard P. Farkas, DePaul University

1. POWER & CHOICEAn Introduction to Political Science12th EditionW. Phillips Shively, University of Minnesota PowerPoint Supplement Richard P. Farkas, DePaul University

2. The purpose of education is to replace an empty mind with an open one. Malcolm Forbes

3. Comparative Politics = Comparing the internalstructure & behavior of political systems

4. Student Requirements • Diligent reading of ALL assignments read before class lecture ... • Regular attendance absences are costly and reflect poorly ... • Participation in classroom dialogue think, connect, articulate, question • Always bring “clicker” • Office visits recommended …

5. Chapter 1 The Idea of Politics

6. POLITICS • Use of power • Production of public choice “… the world has proved to be a strange and wonderful place.” “… one thing that has remained constant is a faith in people’s capacity to shape their futures through politics.”

7. Avenues for Analysis • “best conducted eclectically” • behaviors • institutions • policies • “state” as organizer of politics

8. More Guidelines … • see both sides of any question • keep our emotions in low key • be precise about the meaning of the words we use • be open to borrowing from other academic disciplines • recognize need for broad principles

9. “POLITICS” • social process • rivalry & cooperation • making of a decision • binding on a group POLITICS is a social process involving rivalry and cooperation culminating in the making of a decision binding on a group.

10. … or the use of power to make a common decision for a group of people

11. POWER • Politics ALWAYS involves the exercise of power • Power = ability of one person to cause another to do what the first wishes

12. “POWER” • … means by which power is exercised coercion persuasion construction of incentives • authority can be the basis of one’s power if those governed accept the relationship … other sources possible

13. Think about your “feeling” about the following terms … • administer, manage • manipulate, force • direct, lead • order, control

14. POWER & CHOICE 1. Making common decisions (choice) A way to work out rationally the best common solution to a common problem 2. Exercise of power Ability to get someone to do what you want Contrast: Implicit vs. Manifest power

15. Approaching “politics” … • As public choice … emphasizes the options and decisions located throughout the system & the attempt to meet needs • As power … emphasizes the management of persons in the system Example: the university classroom

16. “state”“sovereign state” • The political entity whose government has ultimate authority to make decisions binding upon all those within the boundaries of that entity • … country • not what Americans call “states”

17. Kinds of Approaches … • “Interpretive political scientists” historical, philosophical aspects built from detailed, non-numerical cases • “Behavioralists” look for broad patterns across many cases using statistical analysis of numerical data

18. “Theory” • Thinking about politics invites broad generalization and abstraction • We pursue generalization through theory • A theory is a statement linking specific instances to broader principles

19. Normative & Empirical Analysis • normative: systematic thoughts about what OUGHT TO BE • empirical: systematic examination of what IS

20. ACADEMIC LABELS highest form of knowing … • explanation  THEORY • prediction  HYPOTHESIS / MODEL • classification  TYPOLOGY • description  DESCRIPTION most basic form of knowing …

21. HOW We Know ... When the METHODOLOGY is sound … • when the process is carefully planned • when the terms are clear • when the observations and measurements are precise

22. “Falsifiability”“Testability” • Possible that the statement is FALSE? Can the statement be tested? • “causation” vs. “correlation”

23. Political Science as a Discipline • American political behavior • American political institutions • American public policy • Comparative politics • International politics • Political theory many other schemes for dividing Political Science exist

24. Chapter 3 The Modern State

25. “unit of analysis”“level of analysis” • group / family / friends • organizations • neighborhoods • towns / cities • regions / sections / districts • “sovereign” states • multi-state organizations • global

26. Development of the State • History, Napoleon & the “modern” state • Colonialism brought elsewhere • Hand & glove evolution: *complex industry & commerce needed the state & the state was invented; *commerce & industry made controlling and taxing people easier enhancing the evolution of the state

27. Review … • Need to generate “public goods” • Government decisions on WHAT? • Government need for revenue to PAY • Creation of identity that could mobilize masses • Result: CONTROL by state

28. Public Goods • emphasizes needs & choice … • something that benefits all members of the community but that no one can be prevented from using • test: whether it is impossible to deny it to any member of the group; if a public good is available to any, it is available to all

29. “state”“sovereign state” • The political entity whose government has ultimate authority to make decisions binding upon all those within the boundaries of that entity • … country • not what Americans call “states”

30. “nation” • Ethno-cultural identity of a group • Common culture, language, history, religion, physical and/or behavioral characteristics, race, images, myths • … a people • Commonness found “in the blood” • Essentially: emotional attachment

31. nation vs. state • key: boundaries … • “nation-state” “multi-state nation” “multi-national state” • allegiance / identity to state: PATRIOTISM • allegiance / identity to nation: NATIONALISM

32. More State – NationDistinctions • “State” as level of analysis vs. local • “State” as political identity • “State” as government authority • “Nation” as identity, based upon culture Congruence? tension? (state vs. nation) inclusive vs. exclusive rational vs. emotional integrating vs. disintegrating

33. GOVERNMENT and the State • The state’s principle actor is the government • government = a group of people who have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of the state • theory of the autonomous state = state acts without prodding from people in conflict or decision-making • civil society = organized and active part of society that is not controlled by government and whose objectives are self-identified • “the natural counterweight to government” in affairs of the state

34. Challenges to the STATE“State-building” Problems that transcend boundaries … “globalization” environment trade, economics, finance security communication

35. More challenges … • Civil society: issues below the state radar • Pressures from “parts” seeking authority (autonomy) • Questions about “original” boundaries; “our land” • “Failed States” • “Transitional States”

36. Alternatives … to the state • Regional integration: European Union, NAFTA -- “macro-states” • United Nations Organization • Communications  world culture • “Emerging” (?) International Law

37. Examples: State-building • common 21st century phenomenon! • Nigeria (text) state vs. nation • European Union (text) institution-building • Iraq, Slovakia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Palestine, Palau, Ukraine, Puerto Rico, other …

38. Chapter 2 Modern Ideologies & Political Philosophy

39. “Ideology” • philosophy: coherent set of ideas about what ought to be(normative) • 19th century idea: people should determine their political fate • ideology = philosophy + instructions what people should do to make it happen • “isms”

40. Uses of Ideology • Simplify processing of ideas: filter • Connect people to other people • Umbrella for mobilization • Shorthand for packaging pol. ideas • Glue that ties ideas together • Guide decisions ideology NOT static !

41. AMERICAN confusion! American ideologies: “loosely organized, inconsistent, untidy” … no internal coherence … constantly migrating shaped by squeezing into coalitions rather than by any intellectual reasoning

42. AMERICAN liberalism = • government needs to be active in the assistance it provides to those in need; in course, providing services • aggressively defends freedom of expression • classically suspect of “elites” exercising power

43. AMERICAN conservatism = • government should shrink from activities and permit authority to devolve ... • maintain an efficient, minimally regulated economy; fiscal prudence • advocate common morality & common spirituality

44. “Classic” IdeologiesWho Should Make Decisions? • LIBERALISM develop individual capacities to the fullest  American liberalism & conservatism = variants • CONSERVATISM tradition, maintain ordered community, press forcommon values • SOCIALISM liberalism but … • FASCISM conservatism but … • COMMUNISM depends on normative vs. empirical

45. Origins of Classic Liberalism • invented by intellectuals • result of general artistic & scientific restlessness • practical pressures from large scale commerce & industry

46. Principles … classic liberalism • People must be maximally responsible for their own actions and circumstances • Liberals see politics as choice • As many choices as possible should be kept private • The sphere of politics should be limited Champion: John Stuart Mill

47. Origins of Modern Conservatism • reaction to the advent of Liberalism • rationale for maintaining traditional European political structures • rationale for maintaining centralization of power and military establishments • caution about transfer of political responsibility to the common man

48. Principles of Modern Conservatism • People must be maximally responsible for their own actions and circumstances • belief that society is MORE than the sum of the individuals in it • greatest good possible in community • order, structure, community and all things that reinforce and maintain it • web of social responsibilities Champion: Edmund Burke

49. 21st Century Ideologies • tendency to “blend” commitments • “post-material issues” & objectives (the environment) • neo-liberalism & globalization (economics) • historical & religious sources of ideas … (fundamentalism) • relevance of class • comfort with welfare state

50. The CLASSICIdeological Continuum LEFT________________________RIGHT Liberal _________________Conservative Anarchist _________________Monarchist Locus of Power Individual_____________ State Choice ______________ Power