Expansion of Institutions in Georgia: University, Louisville, Baptist & Methodist Churches

1. SS8H5aExplain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches. Concept: Individuals – Groups - Institutions

2. WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 33 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5a ESSENTIAL QUESTION How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches?

3. How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia Louisville, Georgia Baptists and Methodists

4. UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university; Abraham Baldwin wrote the plan for it 1801: Students (only all-white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building 1918: Women allowed to attend university

5. UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Baldwin thought that education was necessary for a free government. He believed that everyone should have a good education, not just the wealthy. Other colleges were private and too expensive for the average person. UGA was the first school open to lower-income people, aka the first public university in the U.S. Improvements in Georgia’s educational system helped the growth of the state

6. How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university 1801:Students (only all-white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building 1918:Women allowed to attend university Louisville, Georgia • Baptists and Methodists

7. LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA Savannah was the first capital because it was the 1st permanent settlement in Georgia. Augusta became the 2nd capital but it was located too far east. So, in 1786, the Georgia legislature decided to build a new city that would serve as the 3rd capital of Georgia’s and would be centrally located for citizens to travel there. The city was named after King Louis XVI of France for his help in America’s Revolutionary War.

10. LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA Louisville was not a capital city for very long because of the state’s westward expansion due to Indian lands becoming opened for settlers. Milledgeville became the 4th capital in 1807, followed by Atlanta in 1877, the current capital. One of the most memorable events to occur in the capital city of Louisville was the burning of all of the Yazoo Land Fraud records in front of the capitol building in 1796.

11. LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA Economically, tobacco was a big cash crop in Louisville. After the invention of the cotton gin, many people in Louisville began growing cotton. It became a popular trading area for cotton and tobacco.

12. How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university 1801:Students (only all-white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building 1918:Women allowed to attend university Louisville, Georgia 3rd capital of Georgia Centrally located (at the time) Named after King Louis XVI of France (American Revolution) Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records • Baptists and Methodists

13. SPREAD OF RELIGION IN GEORGIA The Great Revivals are periods of time in American history where there is a renewed focus on religion - personally, socially, and politically. The Methodist and Baptist denominations (branching off of the Protestant branch) were small at the time, however, the 2nd Great Awakening helped these churches grow in number and spread across the southeast United States. Interest in religion increased during this time period by allowing people to attend large camp meetings called “revivals”, and the southeast region came to be known as The Bible Belt.

14. THE BIBLE BELT

16. How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university 1801:Students (only all-white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building 1918:Women allowed to attend university Louisville, Georgia 3rd capital of Georgia Centrally located (at the time) Named after King Louis XVI of France (American Revolution) Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records • Baptists and Methodists • The 2nd Great Awakening helped these churches grow. • Spread across the southeast United States. • Interest in religion increased - people attended large camp meetings called “revivals” • Southeast region came to be known as The Bible Belt. • Religion today is still important to the culture of the South

17. SS8H5bEvaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo land fraud. Concepts: Movement / Migration Rule of Law Conflict and Change

18. WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 34 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5b ESSENTIAL QUESTION What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?

19. What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM YAZOO LAND FRAUD LAND LOTTERY

20. HEADRIGHT SYSTEM To attract settlers and economic development in Georgia, the government provided land to Georgians east of the Oconee River. Each white male counted as a “head” of a family and had the “right” to receive anywhere from 200 – 1,000 acres of land. Farmers and ranchers were able to start up their business By 1782, most of the land was given to Revolutionary War veterans for their service; this practice led to corruption

21. INDIAN LAND CESSIONS MEANT THAT CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS IN GEORGIA GAVE UP THEIR LAND IN EXCHANGE FOR MONEY OR TRADING RIGHTS / PRIVILEGES THE RESULT IS MORE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS

22. What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM Land east of Oconee River. White male “head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1,000 acres of land. Farmers and ranchers begin businesses 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans YAZOO LAND FRAUD LAND LOTTERY

23. YAZOO LAND FRAUD Four land companies bribed the governor of Georgia and the General Assembly (legislature) to pass a bill allowing them to buy large tracts of land near the Yazoo River in Mississippi. The companies bought up to 35 million acres of land for only 1 ½ cents per acre. The companies would then sell the land at much higher prices and share the profits with the legislators; governor George Matthews signed the Yazoo Act on January 7, 1795 When Georgia citizens found out they protested and the legislators were voted out of office.

24. YAZOO LAND FRAUD 1796 Rescinding Act - The US government solved the scandal by forcing Georgia to cede (give up) the lands west of the Chattahoochee River in exchange for $1.25 million dollars and a promise to help remove Creek and Cherokee Indians from the Georgia territories. The Yazoo Land Fraud is a reason why Georgia’s western border is shaped the way it is today.

26. BURNING OF THE YAZOO LAND FRAUD RECORDS AT THE CAPITOL BUILDING IN LOUISVILLE - 1796

27. What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM Land east of Oconee River. White male “head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1,000 acres of land. Farmers and ranchers begin businesses 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans for their service YAZOO LAND FRAUD Land companies bribed GA government to buy land near Yazoo River Sold land and shared profits with legislators. Citizens protested and legislators voted out of office. US government forced Georgia to cede (give up) lands west of Chattahoochee River forming Georgia’s western border. LAND LOTTERY

28. LAND LOTTERY WHAT: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE LANDS THAT WERE ONCE OCCUPIED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS. TICKETS PLACED IN TWO DRUMS, ONE WITH NAMES FOR EACH LOT AND OTHER WITH THE PERSON’S NAME. TICKET SELECTED FROM DRUM MATCHED TO NAME OF PERSON FROM OTHER DRUM. WHO: WHITE MALES, ORPHANS, AND WIDOWS ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE. DEPENDING ON AGE, WAR SERVICE, MARITAL STATUS, AND YEARS OF RESIDENCY IN THE STATE YOU COULD RECEIVE MORE TICKETS, OR CHANCES. WHEN: 1805-1833 WHERE: LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER THAT WERE VACATED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS FROM LAND TREATIES AND THE OCONEE WAR AND WAR OF 1812. 3/4TH OF STATE LAND WAS GIVEN TO OVER 100,000 FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS WHY: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE IN LANDS VACATED BY CREEKS AND CHEROKEES IN ORDER TO CREATE COTTON AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS

29. LAND LOTTERY Because of the Land Lottery, Georgia started to have a shift in power. Georgia had been ruled by wealthy planter aristocrats. But through the land lottery, almost any man could become a landowner. Power and wealth began to be distributed more evenly among white men of Georgia.

30. LAND LOTTERY

31. NOTICE THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS IN GEORGIA FROM 1733-1835. LANDS EAST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED BECAUSE OF THE HEADRIGHT SYSTEM LAND POLICY. LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED FROM THE LAND LOTTERY. OCONEE RIVER HEADRIGHT SYSTEM 1782-1795 LAND LOTTERY 1805-1833

32. What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM Land east of Oconee River. White male “head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1,000 acres of land. Farmers and ranchers begin businesses 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans for their service LAND LOTTERY 1805-1833 land west of Oconee River Given to citizens after removal of Creeks and Cherokees. White males, orphans, and widows received land. Power and wealth for more people Agricultural economy -tobacco and cotton plantations • YAZOO LAND FRAUD • Land companies bribed GA government to buy land near Yazoo River • Sold land and shared profits with legislators. • Citizens protested and legislators voted out of office. • US government forced Georgia to cede (give up) lands west of Chattahoochee River forming Georgia’s western border.

33. SS8H5cExplain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth. Concepts: Technological Innovation Location

34. WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 35 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5c ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?

35. How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth? COTTON GIN • RAILROAD

36. The student will understand that technological innovations have consequences, both intended and unintended.What are some inventions that have helped society, but also hurt society?What was the intended consequence of Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin?What was the unintended consequence of the cotton gin? In other words, what problems in society were created because of the invention of the cotton gin? Technological Innovation

37. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONTHE COTTON GIN

38. COTTON GIN The modern cotton gin, first patented by Massachusetts native Eli Whitney while in Georgia in 1793, is a simple machine that separates cotton fibers from the seeds. The gin (short for engine) consists of wire teeth mounted on a boxed rotating cylinder that, when cranked, pulls cotton fiber through small grates to separate the seeds, while a rotating brush removes lint from the spikes to avoid jams. Its invention quickly transformed the course of agriculture in the Deep South, and in so doing deepened the reliance of southern society on slavery and the plantation system. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

40. COTTON GIN The economic impact of Whitney's gin was vast; after its invention, the yield of raw cotton nearly doubled each decade after 1800. The gin, whose invention coincided with much of the Deep South's opening to white settlement, helped to facilitate westward expansion into these potential cotton-producing areas. By the mid-nineteenth century America was supplying three-quarters of the world's cotton. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

43. COTTON GIN A direct result of this growth was an expansion of slavery. While the cotton gin reduced the amount of labor required to remove the seeds from the plant, it did not reduce the number of slaves needed to grow and pick the cotton. The demand for Georgia's cotton grew as new inventions such as spinning jennies and steamboats were able to weave and transport more of the crop. Although the percentage of slave population to total population remained virtually unchanged from 1790 until 1860, the number of slaves in the South increased dramatically. By the end of the antebellum era Georgia had more slaves and slaveholders than any state in the Lower South. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

46. WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL ROLES IN THIS PRIMARY SOURCE DOCUMENT PHOTOGRAPHY DURING THE 1800s IN THE SOUTH?