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Chapter 7. Sexuality. Chapter Outline. Perspectives on Sexuality: An Overview Biological and Social Views of Sexuality Sex Versus Gender Sociological Perspectives on Sexuality and Sexual Institutions. Perspectives on Sexuality. Perspectives on Sexuality. Perspectives on Sexuality.
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Chapter 7 Sexuality
Chapter Outline • Perspectives on Sexuality: An Overview • Biological and Social Views of Sexuality • Sex Versus Gender • Sociological Perspectives on Sexuality and Sexual Institutions
Sex Characteristics • Primary sex characteristics are the male and female genitals. • Secondary sex characteristics are physical and behavioral features, other than the genitalia, that differ in males and females.
Sex versus Gender • Sex • The biological differences between males and females. • Gender • Culturally defined ways of acting as a male or a female that become part of an individual's personal sense of self.
Sexuality • Sexuality - the way a person engages in intimate behaviors connected with genital stimulation, orgasm, and procreation. • Influenced by cultural norms and social institutions as well as by social structures like the class system of a society. • Cultural norms exerting social control over sexuality include the incest taboo, marriage, and heterosexuality.
The Sexual Revolution • Prehistoric cave paintings in Europe drawn by preliterate humans over 12,000 years ago depict the use of primitive condoms. • Declines in births in England during the Industrial Revolution were the result of abstinence and delayed marriage.
The Sexual Revolution • Widespread use of birth control in the second half of the 20th century separated sexual behavior from reproduction. • With improved condoms and the development of the birth control pill, men and women were able to engage in sex without worrying about unwanted pregnancies.
The Sexual Revolution • Changes in reproductive technologies, sexual attitudes, and behaviors contributed to a relaxation of norms governing sexuality. • In the 1980s, the spread of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases caused increased public concern about responsibility in sexual relations.
Heterosexuality, Homosexuality, and Bisexuality • Sexual orientation refers to an emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectional attraction a person feels toward another person. • Heterosexuality is sexual orientation toward members of the opposite sex. • Homosexuality is sexual orientation toward members of the same sex. • Bisexuality is sexual orientation toward members of either sex.
% Females Who Ever Had Specified Type of Opposite Sex Contact
Prostitution: A Functionalist Explanation • Sociologist Kingsley Davis began writing about prostitution in the 1930s.
Prostitution: A Functionalist Explanation • He argued that prostitution provides alternatives for men who are not sexually fulfilled in their marriages, or who want sexual activity with multiple women. • Karl Marx viewed prostitution as a form of capitalism in which people sell their labor to those who own the means of production.
Rape and Power • Sociologists have long associated rape with control and power. • The FBI estimates that a rape occurs every 5.6 minutes in the U.S. • The two most important forms of rape are • Rape of a woman by a man seeking to satisfy his personal desires and exert his power. • Rape carried out in situations of warfare, where it may be designed to intimidate the enemy.
Sexual Scripts • Sexual Scripts - include ideas and fantasies about what our sexual experiences should or could be like. • Three kinds of sexual scripts: • 1- Cultural scenarios are collective ideas about sexual goals, proper behaviors, and outcomes. • 2- Intrapsychic sexual scripts are fantasies about how we would like to have sex and with whom. • 3- Interpersonal scripts are developed between or among specific groups of people as ways of being sexual with each other.
Globalization Of Sexual Commerce • Sex tourism is associated with globalization and the growth of cities in the Third World. • Families may sell their children into sex trades, children who are orphaned may prostitute themselves as a means of survival. • Feminist intellectuals and social scientists emphasize how closely related sexual violence and exploitation are to global gender inequality.
1. Just what constitutes masculine behavior, as opposed to feminine behavior, is • more a matter of gender than sex. • evident by the fact that all men engage in it. • universally defined as the same, regardless of time and place. • never really apparent to people within a society because of their tendency to engage in ethnocentric thinking.
Answer: a • Just what constitutes masculine behavior, as opposed to feminine behavior, is more a matter of gender than sex.
2. In terms of global gender inequality, women • do far more work than men. • receive roughly half of all income. • are far less likely than men to be poor. • now own most of the world's private property.
Answer: a • In terms of global gender inequality, women do far more work than men.
3. American women have less than men in the way of economic resources because they • generally do not work as hard as men. • are far more apt than men to be in poverty. • generally do not wish to have these resources as much as do men. • have had fewer occupational opportunities and have been largely channeled into traditional gender roles.
Answer : d • American women have less than men in the way of economic resources because they have had fewer occupational opportunities and have been largely channeled into traditional gender roles.
