ANIMAL DIVERSITY ~ INVERTEBRATES ~VERTEBRATES

ANIMAL DIVERSITY ~ INVERTEBRATES~VERTEBRATES GROUP MEMBERS: CHIKO WONG (MS0915542650) ADELINE CHIENG YIH FANG (MS0915514266) NURFAEZAH BINTI DELIE (MS0915516276) AYUNI BINTI SAMSUL BAHRI (MS0915514523)

ANIMAL DIVERSITY I INVERTEBRATES

PHYLUM POLIFERASpongia • Sponges are multicellular but are thought to have evolved from unicellular protists. • Sponges are sessile (immobile) filter feeders. • Although sponges have cells with specialized functions they do not have tissues. • The inner layer is composed of flagellated collar cells (choanocytes). • The flagella beat to move water in through the pores and out the osculum.

PHYLUM COELENTERATAAurelia aurita • Aurelia aurita (moon jelly, moon jellyfish, common jellyfish, saucer jelly) is one of a suite of more than ten morphologically nearly identical jellyfish species in the genusAurelia. • The medusa is translucent, usually about 25-40 cm across, and can be recognized by its four horseshoe-shaped gonads that are easily seen through the top of the bell.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHESPlanaria Planaria are living in both saltwater and freshwater ponds and rivers. Some species are terrestrial and are found under logs, in the soil, and on plants. Exhibit an extraordinary ability to regenerate lost body parts. Planarians' length ranges from 1 to 20 millimetres and the body has two eye-spots (also known as ocelli) that can detect the intensity of light. The eye-spots act as photoreceptors and are used to move away from light sources. The term "planaria" is most often used as a common name.

PHYLUM NEMATODAAscarislumbricoides(Round worm) • Infections in humans occur when an ingested infective egg releases a larval worm that penetrates wall of duodenum and enters bloodstream. • Males are 2–4 mm in diameter and 15–31 cm long. • Females are 3–6 mm wide and 20–49 cm long. • Fertilized eggs are oval to round in shape and are 45-75 micrometers long and 35-50 micrometers wide with a thick outer shell. Unfertilized eggs measure 88-94 micrometers long and 44 micrometers wide.

PHYLUM ANNELIDALumbricusterrastris(Earthworm) • Lumbricusterrestris is a large reddish worm native to Europe, but now also widely distributed elsewhere around the world (along with several other lumbricids), due to human introductions. • Typically reaching 20 - 25 cm in length when extended • In Britain, it is primarily called the Common Earthworm. In North America, the term Nightcrawler (or Vitalis) is more common. In Canada, it is also called the Dew Worm, and in Britain, Lob Worm (though that name is also applied to a marine polychaete).

PHYLUM MOLLUSCAAchatinafulica(Garden Snail) • The adult snails have a height of around 7 centimetres (2.8 in), and their length can reach 20 centimetres (7.9 in) or more. • The shell has a conical shape, being about twice as high as it is broad. • Single & spiraled shells. • Body : large, moist & muscular,supported by hydrostatic skeleton. • Respiration : gills & moist skin.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Crustacea - Crab • Generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, and armed with a single pair of chelae (claws). • Crabs vary in size from the pea crab, a few millimetres wide, to the Japanese spider crab, with a leg span of up to 4 metres. • Often show marked sexual dimorphism. • Males have one claw which is greatly enlarged and which is used for communication, particularly for attracting a mate. • In most male crabs, this is narrow and triangular in form, while females have a broader, rounded abdomen.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Chilopoda - Centipede • Centipedes can have a varying number of legs from under 20 to over 300. • Size can range from a few millimeters in the smaller Lithobiomorphs and Geophilomorphs to about 30 cm in the largest Scolopendromorphs. • Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head, bearing a pair of antennae at the forward margin. They have a pair of elongated mandibles, and two pairs of maxillae.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Arachnida - Spider • Largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organisms. • As arthropods they have: segmented bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a cuticle and proteins; heads that are composed of several segments that fuse during the development of the embryo. • The smallest, Patudigua from Borneo, are less than 0.37 mm in body length. The largest and heaviest spiders occur among tarantulas, which can have body lengths up to 90 mm (about 3.5 inches) and leg spans up to 250 mm (about 10 inches).

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Merostoma – Horseshoe crab • Also known as horsefoot, king crab, or saucepan. • Horseshoe crabs have three main parts to the body: the head region, known as the 'prosoma', the abdominal region or 'opisthosoma', and the spine-like tail or 'telson'. • The sexes are similar in appearance, but females are typically 25 to 30 percent larger than the male and can grow up to 60 centimetres (24 in) in length.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Insecta - Grasshopper • Grasshoppers have antennae that are almost always shorter than the body (sometimes filamentous), and short ovipositors. • Females are normally larger than males, with short ovipositors. Males have a single unpaired plate at the end of the abdomen. Females have two pairs of valves ( triangles) at the end of the abdomen used to dig in sand when egg laying. • Generally they are winged, but hind wings are membranous while front wings (tegmina) are coriaceous and not fit for flight.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Diplopoda - Millipede • Millipedes range from 2 to 280 millimetres (0.079 to 11.0 in) in length, and can have as few as eleven, to over a hundred segments. They are generally black or brown in colour. • The head of millipedes is typically rounded above and flattened below and bears large mandibles. The body is flattened or cylindrical, with a single chitinous plate above, one at each side, and two or three on the underside.

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATAAsterias sp. (Star fish) • Asteriasamurensis, commonly called the northern Pacific starfish, is an invasive species in Australia, and native to the coasts of northern China, North Korea, South Korea, Russia and Japan. • In one year the northern Pacific seastar is capable of increasing its diameter by 8 cm; when fully grown the northern Pacific seastar lives up to five years, and can reach sizes up to 40 to 50 cm in diameter. • It lives in mainly shallow water, but also is found as deep as 200 metres. It is rarely found on reefs or high wave action areas, instead sitting on mud, sand or pebbles.

ANIMAL DIVERSITY IIVERTEBRATES

Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes) - Shark • 440 species, ranging in size from the small dwarf lanternshark, Etmopterusperryi, a deep sea species of only 17 centimetres (7 in) in length, to the whale shark, Rhincodontypus, the largest fish, which reaches approximately 12 metres (39 ft) and which feeds only on plankton, squid, and small fish through filter feeding. • There are more than 440 species of sharks split across eight orders. • Characteristics: skeleton made of cartilage, paried fins, paired nostrils, scales, two-chambered heart.

Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes) – ‘Tilapia’ • Tilapia inhabit a variety of fresh water habitats including shallow streams, ponds, rivers, lakes, and estuaries. Most tilapia are omnivorous with a preference for aquatic vegetation and detritus. • Tilapia can become problematic invasive species in new warm-water habitats, whether deliberately or accidentally introduced but generally not in temperate climates due to their inability to survive in cool waters, generally below 60 °F (16 °C). • Characteristics: Skeleton made of bone, jaws, fins, most with scales, two-chambered heart.

Class Amphibia – Bufo sp. • True toads have in common a stocky figure and short legs, which makes them poor jumpers. • Toads can also inflate their bodies when threatened. Males are usually smaller than females and possess the organ of Bidder, an incomplete ovary. The adult males of many species show a dark throat. When stressed, toads can let a poison seep through their skin that when swallowed could kill a large dog. • Characteristics: begin life in the water, gills replaced by lungs in the adult form, lay eggs, three-chambered heart.

Class Reptilia - Snake • They range in size from the tiny, 10 cm long thread snake to pythons and anacondas of up to 7.6 metres (25 ft) in length. • The now extinctTitanoboacerrejonensis snakes found were 12–15 meters (39–49 ft) in length. At the other end of the scale, the smallest extant snake is Leptotyphlopscarlae with a length of about 10 centimeters. • Characteristics: thick, scaly or platelike skin, ectothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Aves - Chicken • Chickens may live for five to eleven years, depending on the breed. • Hens of special laying breeds may produce as many as 300 eggs a year. • Roosters can usually be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage, marked by long flowing tails and shiny, pointed feathers on their necks and backs (the hackles and saddle)—these are often colored differently from the hackles and saddles of females. • Characteristics: outer covering of feathers, endothermic(warm-blooded), have front limbs modified as wings, lay eggs, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Insectivora - Shrew • Although its external appearance is generally that of a long-nosed mouse, a shrew is not a rodent, as mice are. • The largest species is the House Shrew (Suncusmurinus) of tropical Asia which is about 15 cm long and weighs around 100 grams. • Shrews are fiercely territorial, driving off rivals, and only coming together to mate. • Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Chiroptera - Bats • Bats range in size from Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat measuring 29–33 mm in length and 2 g in mass, to the Giant Golden-crowned Flying-fox which has a wing span of 1.5m and weighs approximately 1.2 kg. • Bats may have one to three litters in a season, depending on the species and on environmental conditions such as the availability of food and roost sites. Females generally have one offspring at a time, this is maybe a result of the mother's need to fly to feed while pregnant. • Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Dermoptera – Flying Fox • Commonly known as the Fruit Bats or Flying Foxes among other numerous colloquial names. • Only feed on nectar, blossom, pollen, and fruit, which explains their limited tropical distribution. • On average, P. vampyrus is the largest species, with a wingspan of up to 6 feet (1.83 meters) but a weight of only 1.5 kg (3.3 lb.). Other species have impressive widths, such as the Indian flying fox (P. giganteus) which has a 5 foot (1.5 meter) wingspan. • Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Carnivora - Cat • Cats are similar in size and anatomy to the other Felids, with light, flexible bodies and teeth adapted to killing small prey. • Unusually, cats have lost the ability to taste sugar and in some breeds show hereditary deafness. • Small carnivorousmammal that is valued by humans for its companionship and its ability to hunt vermin and household pests. • Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Rodentia - Rat • Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamilyMuroidea. • Rats are typically distinguished from mice by their size; rats are generally large muroid rodents, while mice are generally small muroid rodents. The muroid family is very large and complex, and the common terms rat and mouse are not taxonomically specific. • The normal lifespan of rats ranges from two to five years, and is typically three years. • Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Pholidata - Pangolin • Pangolins have large keratinscales covering their skin and are the only mammals with this adaptation.[2] They are found in tropical regions of Africa and Asia. • The physical appearance of pangolins is marked by large, hardened, plate-like scales. The scales, which are soft on newborn pangolins but harden as the animal matures, are made of keratin, the same material of which human fingernails and tetrapodclaws are made. • The size of pangolins varies by species, ranging from 30 cm to 100 cm (12 to 39 inches). Females are generally smaller than males. • Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Lagomorpha - Rabbit • The rabbit's long ears, which can be more than 10 cm (4 in) long, are probably an adaptation for detecting predators. They have large, powerful hind legs. Each foot has five toes, with one greatly reduced in size. • Their size can range anywhere from 20 cm (8 in) in length and 0.4 kg in weight to 50 cm (20 in) and more than 2 kg. • Rabbits have two sets of incisor teeth, one behind the other. • Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Primates - Lemur • While their ancestors were displaced in the rest of the world by monkeys and apes, the lemurs were safe from competition on Madagascar and differentiated into a number of species. These range in size from the tiny 30 gram Madame Berthe's Mouse Lemur to the 10 kilogram Indri. • large, reflective eyes and the wailing cries of some species. • Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Artiodactyla – Deer • Deer are the ruminantmammals forming the familyCervidae. • Deer weights generally range from 40 to 200 kilograms. They generally have lithe, compact bodies and long, powerful legs suited for rugged woodland terrain. Deer are also excellent jumpers and swimmers. Deer are ruminants, or cud-chewers, and have a four-chambered stomach. • Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

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ANIMAL DIVERSITY ~ INVERTEBRATES ~VERTEBRATES