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Explore the interrelationship between artistic activities, religion, and government during the rise of civilization. Discover how these elements are connected and examine the six basic characteristics of a civilization.
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DO NOW WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG ARTISTIC ACTIVITIES, RELIGION, AND GOVERNMENT DURING THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION??????? HOW ARE THEY ALL CONNECTED? (LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 30 & 31)
DO NOW • LIST THE SIX BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH CHARACTERISTIC!!!!! • LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 27-31 IN CHAPTER 1 SECTION 2!
DO NOW • Compare and contrast the Sumerian government to the Egyptian government. How do the people from each civilization view their leader?
DO NOW Create a diagram like the one below to show how changes during the Neolithic Revolution led to the emergence of civilization. Look in Chapter 1 Section 2 of your textbooks on pages 27-31. Civilization
Chapter 2 Western Asia and Egypt
The Impact of Geography • The ancient Greeks spoke of a valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as Mesopotamia, the land “between the rivers.” Mesopotamia was at the eastern end of an area known as the Fertile Crescent, an arc of land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. Because this land had rich soil and abundant crops, it was able to sustain an early civilization.
DO NOW • READ THE POEM ON PAGE 42 AND REWRITE THE POEM IN YOUR OWN WORDS. TRY TO CAPTURE THE EMOTIONS EXPRESSED BY THE MESOPOTAMIAN WRITER.
DO NOW • Explain how the Paleolithic people acquired their food. How did the Neolithic people acquire their food? How does the Neolithic people’s way of acquiring food lead to the rise of a civilization?
Key Terms: 1. Mesopotamia (location: Eastern end of the Fertile Crescent) 2. Fertile Crescent 3. silt 1. “The land between rivers” Mesopotamia was a valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. 2. An arc of land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. 3. material deposited by the two rivers Section 1: Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia
Map of Mesopotamia to the left and modern day countries to the right.
4. irrigation & drainage ditches 5. Sumerians (3000 B.C.E.) 4. large-scale system of water control (flow to crops) 5. The Sumerians were the creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization. Ancient Mesopotamia includes three general areas: Assyria, Akkad, and Sumer. The Sumerians established a number of independent cities in southern Mesopotamia, including Eridu, Ur, and Uruk. Sumerians: Mesopotamia was a land with little rain, but its soil had been enriched over the years by layers of silt. In the late spring, the Tigris and the Euphrates often overflowed their banks and deposited their fertile silt. Flooding, however, depended on the melting of snows in the upland mountains where the rivers began. People could not tell exactly when the floods would come or how large they would be.
6. City-states 6. As the cities expanded they came to have political and economic control over the surrounding countryside. They formed city-states, the basic units of Sumerian Civilization.
7. Sumerian Cities 7. Sumerian Cities were surrounded by walls made of sun-dried bricks. Sumerian homes were also made with mud-bricks; invented the arch and the dome. Sumerian cities were surrounded by walls. City dwellings, built of sun-dried bricks, included both the small houses of peasants and the larger buildings of the city officials, priests and priestesses. Although Mesopotamia had little stone or wood for building purposes, it did have plenty of mud. Mud bricks, easily shaped by hand, were left to bake in the hot sun until they were hard enough to use for building.
8. Ziggurat 8. Temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of the city. This temple was often built atop a massive stepped tower. Served as the center of the city physically, economically, and politically. The most prominent building in a Sumerian city was the temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of the city. This temple was often built atop a massive stepped tower called a ziggurat. Sumerians believed that gods and goddesses owned the cities. The people devoted much of their wealth to building temples, as well as elaborate houses for the priests and priestesses who served the gods.
9. theocracy 10. priests and priestesses 9. Sumerians believed that the gods ruled the cities, making the state a theocracy- a government by divine authority. 10. played a role in ruling Priests and priestesses, who supervised the temples and their property, had a great deal of power. In fact, historians believe that in the early stages of the city-states, priests and priestesses played an important role in ruling. The Sumerians believed that the gods ruled the cities, making the state a theocracy—a government by divine authority. Eventually, however, ruling power passed into the hands of worldly figures, or kings.
DO NOW • WHAT ROLE DID GEOGRAPHY PLAY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION? • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES OR READ PAGES 37-38 IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHY.
Economy and Society • Although the economy of the Sumerian city-states was based chiefly on farming, trade and industry became important as well. The peoples of Mesopotamia were well known for their metalwork, but they also made woolen textiles and pottery. The Sumerians imported copper, tin, and timber in exchange for dried fish, wool, barely, wheat, and metal goods. Traders traveled by land to the eastern Mediterranean in the west and by sea to India in the east. The invention of the wheel, around 3,000 B.C.E. led to wheeled carts which made the transport of goods easier.
11. Economy 12. imports 11. Basic form of economy was farming, however, trade and industry became important as well. Sumerians were well known for their metalwork. 12. copper, tin, and timber Economy: Sumerians imported copper, tin, and timber in exchange for dried fish, wool, barely, wheat, and metal goods. Traders traveled by land to the eastern Mediterranean in the west and by sea to India in the. The invention of the wheel, around 3000 B.C., led to wheeled carts, which made the transport of goods easier.
DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CITY-STATE AND AN EMPIRE? • WHICH DO YOU THINK WOULD BE MORE ADVANTAGEOUS TO OUR COUNTRY TODAY????
DO NOW • Explain how rivers affected the growth of ancient civilizations.
DO NOW • WHAT ROLE DID GEOGRAPHY PLAY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION?
13. Akkadians (2340 B.C.E.) 14. empire 15. city-states 13. an area in Mesopotamia had a leader named Sargon, who overran the Sumerian city-states and set up the first empire in history. 14. A large political state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples and territories. 15. small separate political states each having their own leader/government As the number of Sumerian city-states grew and the city-states expanded, new conflicts arose. City-state fought city-state for control of land and water. Located on the flat land of Mesopotamia, the Sumerian city-states were also open to invasion by other groups.
DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CITY-STATE AND AN EMPIRE? • WHAT ARE THE NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF HAVING A CIVILIZATION DIVIDED UP INTO CITY-STATES? AN EMPIRE? • LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 37-41
Hammurabi • Attacks from neighboring hill peoples eventually caused the Akkadian Empire to fall. Its end y 2100 B.C.E. brought a return to the system of warring states. It was not until 1792 B.C.E. that a new empire came to control much of Mesopotamia. Leadership came from Babylon, a city-state south of Akkad, where Hammurabi came to power. He gained control of Sumer and Akkad, thus creating a new Mesopotamian kingdom.
16. Hammurabi (1792--1750 B.C.E.) 17. Code of Hammurabi 16. leader of Babylon who gained control of a new Mesopotamian kingdom after the fall of the Akkadian Empire. 17. A collection of 282 laws. Based on a system of strict justice. “An eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” Attacks from neighboring hill peoples eventually caused the Akkadian Empire to fall. It end by 2100 B.C. brought a return to the system of warring city-states. It was not until 1792 B.C. that a new empire came to control much of Mesopotamia.
The Code of Hammurabi • The Code of Hammurabi was based on a system of strict justice. Penalties for criminal offenses were severe, and they varied according to the social class of the victim. A crime against a member of the upper class (a noble) by a member of the lower class (a commoner was punished more severely than the same offense against a member of the lower class. Moreover, the principle of retaliation (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”) was a fundamental part of this system of justice.
A woman’s place was definitely in the home. If she failed to fulfill her duties, her husband had legal grounds for divorce. In addition, if a wife was not able to bear children or tried to leave home to engage in business, her husband could divorce her. Even more harsh, a wife who neglected her home or husband could be drowned. 18. Patriarch 18. Society dominated by men. Mesopotamia was a society dominated by men. Hammurabi’s code made it clear that women had far fewer privileges than men.
19. polytheistic 20. relationship b/t humans and gods/goddesses 19. Belief in many gods and goddesses. The Mesopotamians identified almost three thousand gods and goddesses. 20. humans were supposed to obey and serve the gods The physical environment strongly affected the way Mesopotamians viewed the world. Ferocious floods, heavy downpours, scorching winds, and oppressive humidity were all part of the Mesopotamian climate. These conditions as well as famines, convinced Mesopotamians that this world was controlled by supernatural forces, which often were not kind or reliable.
21. cuneiform (3000 B.C.E.) 21. “wedge-shaped” system of writing. Using a reed stylus (a tool for writing) they made wedge shaped impressions on clay tablets. The Sumerians are credited with the invention of the oldest writing system, cuneiform, which dates from about 3,000 B.C.E. Mesopotamian peoples used writing primarily for record keeping. Cuneiform texts, however, were also used in schools to train scribes, members of the learned class who served as copyists, teachers and jurists.
22. The Epic of Gilgamesh 22. A Mesopotamian epic poem that records the exploits of a legendary king named Gilgamesh. Sumerian Literature: Gilgamesh is a Mesopotamian epic poem that records the exploits of a legendary king named Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is wise, strong, and perfect in body. He is part man and part god. Gilgamesh befriends a hairy best named Enkidu. Together, they set off to do great deeds. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh feels the pain of death and begins a search for the secret of immortality. His efforts fail, and Gilgamesh remains mortal. This Mesopotamian epic makes clear that “everlasting life” is only for the gods and goddesses.
Sumerian Technology • Sumerians invented the wagon. • Sundial • First to make bronze • They developed a number system based on 60. • They used Geometry to measure fields and erect buildings. • They used astronomy to chart heavenly constellations.
DO NOW • WHY WAS HAMMURABI’S CODE A SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENT? ARE THERE ANY SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HAMMURABI’S CODE OF LAWS AND OUR CODE OF LAWS TODAY? DIFFERENCES?
DO NOW • WHAT ROLE DID THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT PLAY IN THE WAY MESOPOTAMIANS VIEWED THE WORLD? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 42-43
DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EGYPTIAN RULER’S TITLE “SON OF RE.” • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 46-47
DO NOW • IDENTIFY AT LEAST FIVE ASPECTS OF MESOPOTAMIAN SOCIETY AS REVEALED BY THE CODE OF HAMMURABI. (IN OTHER WORDS, HOW DID THE CODE OF HAMMURABI EXPLAIN THE WAY PEOPLE HAD TO LIVE THEIR LIVES? WHAT WERE THE RULES/CONSEQUENCES?) • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES OR READ PAGE 41 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE CODE OF HAMMURABI”
The Impact of Geography • The Nile is a unique river, beginning in the heart of Africa and coursing northward for more than 4,000 miles. It is the longest river in the world. Before it empties in to the Mediterranean, the Nile splits into two major branches. This split forms a triangular territory, the delta. The Nile Delta is called Lower Egypt; the land upstream, the to south, is called Upper Egypt. Egypt’s important cities developed at the tip of the delta, the point at which the Nile divides.
Key Terms: 1. Nile 1. Is a unique river, beginning in the heart of Africa. It is the longest river in the world. It stretches 4,000 miles splitting into two major branches before it empties into the Mediterranean Section 2: Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile”
2. The Nile splits up into two major branches: Lower Egypt Upper Egypt 2. the split forms a triangular territory called the Nile Delta. Geography: Egypt’s important cities developed at the tip of the delta, the point at which the Nile divides.
Unlike Mesopotamia, which was subject to constant invasion, Egypt was blessed by natural barriers that gave it protection from invasion and a sense of security. These barriers included deserts to the west and east; the Red Sea to the east; the cataracts on the southern part of the Nile, which made defense relatively easy; and the Mediterranean Sea to the North • 3. Nile’s advantages • 4. Egypt’s geographical barriers • 3. served as a unifying factor, travel and communication; cataract (rapids) provided protection • 4. deserts to the west and east; the Red Sea to the east; the cataracts on the southern part of the Nile Mediterranean Sea to the North
5. Polytheistic 6. Atum Re 5. Belief in many gods. Two groups of gods: sun gods and land gods. 6. Sun god (Son of Re was earthly form of Re) Religion:Provided a sense of security and timelessness. They had no word for religion. For them, religious ideas were an inseparable part of the entire world order. The sun god took on different forms and names, depending on his specific role. He was worshiped as Atum in human form and also as Re who had a human body and the head of a falcon. The Egyptian ruler took the title Son of Re, because he was seen as an earthly form of Re.
Egypt’s Creation Myth • River gods and land gods included Osiris and Isis. A famous Egyptian myth told of the struggle between Osiris, who brought civilization to Egypt, and his evil brother Seth, who killed him, cut his body into 14 parts, and tossed the parts into the Nile. The pieces were found by Osiris’s wife, Isis. With help from other gods, Isis brought Osiris back to life.
7. King Menes 8. dynasty 7. King who united the villages of Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first Egyptian royal dynasty 3100 B.C. 8. A dynasty is a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family.
9. pharaoh 9. originally meaning “great house” or “palace” became the most common title of Egyptian monarchs. Egyptian pharaohs possessed absolute power (unlimited). The Old Kingdom2700-2200 B.C.The Old Kingdom, which lasted from around 2700 B.C.E. to 2200 B.C.E. was an age of prosperity and splendor. Like the kings of the Sumerian city-states, the monarchs of the Old Kingdom were powerful rulers over a unified state. Among the various titles of Egyptian monarchs, that of pharaoh (originally meaning “great house” or “palace”) eventually became the most common. In obeying their pharaoh, subjects believed that they were helping to maintain a stable world order. A breakdown in royal power could only mean that citizens were offending the gods and weakening that order.
DO NOW • WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TIGRIS AND THE EUPHRATES RIVER IN COMPARISON TO THE NILE RIVER WHEN DISCUSSING ITS IMPACT ON SYSTEMATIC AGRICULTURE???
10. Bureaucracy 11. Vizier 10. During the old kingdom a government (bureaucracy-an administrative organization with officials and regular procedures) developed. 11. The “steward of the whole land. Government: At first members of the pharaoh’s family aided in running the country. During the Old Kingdom, however, a government bureaucracy developed. Especially important was the office of vizier. Directly responsible to the pharaoh, the vizier was in charge of the government bureaucracy. In time Egypt was divided into 42 provinces, which were run by governors appointed by the pharaoh. Each governor was responsible to the pharaoh and the vizier.
12. Pyramids 13. Ka 14. mummification 12. Building of pyramids occurred during the time of the Old Kingdom dedicated to the dead. 13. Spiritual body 14. A process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting. Pyramids and the Afterlife: Mummification took place in workshops run by priests, primarily for the wealthy families who could afford it. Workers first removed the liver, lungs, stomach, intestines and placed them in four special jars that were put in the tomb with the mummy. The priests also removed the brain by extracting it through the nose. They then covered the corpse with a natural salt that absorbed the bodies water. Later they filled the body with spices and wrapped it with layers of linen soaked in resin.
