I. France Finds a Foothold in Canada (cont.)

1. I. France Finds a Foothold in Canada (cont.) • 1608: The permanent beginnings of a French empire were established at Québec: • Efforts were led by Samuel de Champlain, “Father of New France.” • He established friendly relationships with Huron Indian tribes. • He entered into a treaty with the Huron against the Iroquois tribes of the upper New York area.

2. Map 6.1 p102

3. Norman Invasion of England, (1066) Anglo-French War, (1109-1113) Anglo-French War, (1116-1119) Anglo-French War, (1123-1135) Anglo-French War, (1159-1189) Anglo-French War, (1202-1204) Anglo-French War, (1213-1214) Anglo-French War, (1242-1243) Anglo-French War, (1294-1298) Anglo-French War, (1300-1303) The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) Anglo-French War, (1337-1360) Anglo-French War, (1369-1373) Anglo-French War, (1412-1420) Anglo-French War, (1423-1453) Anglo-French War, (1475) Anglo-French War, (1488) Anglo-French War, (1489-1492) Anglo-French War, (1510-1513) Anglo-French War, (1521-1526) Anglo-French War, (1542-1546) Anglo-French War, (1549-1550) Anglo-French War, (1557-1560) Anglo-French War, (1589-1593) Anglo-French War, (1627-1628) Anglo-French War, (1666-1667) Anglo-French War, (1689-1697) Anglo-French War, (1702-1712) Anglo-French War, (1744-1748) Anglo-French War, (1749-1754) Anglo-French War, (1754-1763) Anglo-French War, (1779-1783) Wars of the French Revolution, (1792-1802) Austro-Prussian Invasion of France, (1792) War of the First Coalition, (1792-1798) War of the Second Coalition, (1798-1801)

4. Map 6.7b p111

5. I. France Finds a Foothold in Canada • The population of Catholic New France grew slowly: • In the late 1750s, only 60,000 or so whites were in New France. • Landowning French peasants had little motive to move. • The French government favored its Caribbean islands.

6. II. New France Fans Out • New France contained one valuable resource—the beaver: • European fashion-setters valued beaver-pelt hats. • Fur trappers littered the land with scores of place names: Baton Rouge (red stick), Terre Haute (high land), Des Moines (some monks).

7. Map 6.2 p103

8. II. New France Fans Out • Catholic missionaries (Jesuits) tried to save Indians for Christ and from fur-trappers: • Some suffered torture by Indians. • They had few converts but did play a vital role as explorers and geographers. • Other explorers sought neither souls nor fur, but empire to block English and Spanish expansion.

9. II. New France Fans Out(cont.) • French explorers: • Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit, “the City of Straits.” • Robert de La Salle floated down the Mississippi in 1682 to where it mingles with the Gulf. • He named the interior basin “Louisiana,” after Louis XIV. • New Orleans was founded in 1718. • The forts in fertile Illinois country (Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes) became the grain garden of France’s North America empire.

10. Importance of the Ohio River Valley • The Ohio Valley became the chief bone of contention between the French and British: • For the British, it was a critical area for westward movement. • The French needed it to link their Canadian holdings to those of the lower Mississippi Valley.

11. IV. George Washington Inaugurates War with France (cont.) • Ohio Valley rivalry increased tensions: • The French erected a chain of forts along the Ohio River. • Fort Duquesne was at the pivotal point where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohio River—the later site of Pittsburgh. • In 1754, the governor of Virginia sent young George Washington to Ohio Country to secure the Virginians’ claim.

12. IV. George Washington Inaugurates War with France (cont.) • In this skirmish: • Washington met some French troops about 40 miles from Fort Duquesne and fired. • French leader was killed, but Washington would ultimately be surrounded. • Washington, after 10-hour siege, surrendered but was allowed to march troops away with honor. • In response, the British brutally uprooted French Acadians and scattered them as far as Louisiana: descendants are “Cajuns.”

13. Map 6.5 p107

14. V. Global War and Colonial Disunity • First 3 Anglo-French colonial wars started in Europe, but the 4th one started in America: • The French and Indian War, started by Washington in the Ohio Valley (1754), widened after two years into the Seven Years’ War in America, Europe, the West Indies, Africa, Philippines, and on the ocean.

15. Map 6.6 p108

16. V. Global War and Colonial Disunity (cont.) • The crisis demanded concerted action: • In 1754, the British government summoned an intercolonial congress to met at Albany, N.Y. • Only 7 colonies sent delegates. • The immediate purpose was to control Iroquois tribes loyal to Britain. • The longer-range goal was to increase colonial unity and thus bolster common defense against France.

17. V. Global War and Colonial Disunity (cont.) • Benjamin Franklin was the leading spirit at the Albany Congress: • He published the famous cartoon “Join, or Die.” • He presented a well-devised but premature scheme for colonial home rule. • Albany delegates unanimously adopted it. • Individual colonies rejected it, as did the British government. • To colonists, it did not give enough independence. • To the British, it gave too much.

18. p109

19. VII. Pitt’s Palms of Victory • After a bad start to the war for the British, William Pitt looked to turn things around. • William Pitt was Britain's superlative leader: • He was known as the “Great Commoner.” • 1757: He became a key leader in the London government. • He concentrated on the vital Québec-Montréal area of Canada. • He picked young and energetic military leaders.

20. VII. Pitt’s Palms of Victory(cont.) • William Pitt (cont.): • 1758: He dispatched an expedition that took Louisbourg, the first major British victory. • He sent James Wolfe to take Québec. • Wolfe battled the Marquis de Montcalm’s forces on the Plains of Abraham outside of Québec. • Both commanders were fatally wounded. • The French were defeated and Québec surrendered.

21. VII. Pitt’s Palms of Victory(cont.) • Battle of Québec (1759) was one of the most significant battles in British and American history: • When Montreal fell in 1760, the French flag fluttered for the last time in Canada. • The Treaty of Paris in 1763 displaced the French empire from the North American continent. • The French were able to maintain several small but valuable sugar islands in the West Indies.

22. VII. Pitt’s Palms of Victory(cont.) • Final blow: France ceded to Spain all of trans-Mississippi Louisiana, including New Orleans . • Great Britain emerged as: • The dominant power in North America • The leading world naval power

23. VIII. Restless Colonists • Britain’s colonists emerged with increased confidence in their military strength and skill. • 20,000 colonists were under arms at war’s end. • War shattered the myth of British invincibility. • Displaying the contempt of professional soldiers, the British refused to recognize any American militia commission above the rank of captain.

24. IX. War’s Fateful Aftermath • Removal of French menace in Canada profoundly affected American attitudes: • In a sense history of the United States began with the fall of Québec and Montréal. • Spanish and Indian threats were substantially reduced. • Spanish removal from Florida and French removal from Canada deprived Indians of potential allies to outset growing British power.

25. IX. War’s Fateful Aftermath(cont.) • Pontiac’s uprising by Ottawa Chief Pontiac: • Laid siege to Detroit in 1763 and overran all but three British posts west of the Appalachians. • Killed some 2,000 soldiers and settlers. • Pontiac died in 1769 at hands of a rival chieftain. • Colonists were now free to cross Appalachian Mountains and take western lands.

26. IX. War’s Fateful Aftermath(cont.) • But London issued the Proclamation of 1763, which banned settlement beyond the Appalachians. • Britain only wanted to avoid another bloody Indian uprising, but angry colonists flouted the proclamation. • The stage was set for conflict: • The colonists refused to be restrained. • British government was frustrated with colonies.

27. I. The Deep Roots of Revolution • America was a revolutionary force from the day of its discovery by Europeans: • The New World nurtured new ideas about the nature of society, citizens, and government. • Republicanism—defined a just society as one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. • Republicanism was opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions such as aristocracy and monarchy. • The Enlightenment was a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

28. II. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances • Mercantilism: • Rested on the belief that wealth was power. • A country’s economic wealth (and its military and political power) could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury. • To amass gold or silver, a country needed to export more than it imported. • Could supply raw materials to mother country, reducing need for foreign imports. • Could provide guaranteed market for exports. • London government viewed American colonies as tenants.

29. II. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances (cont.) • From time to time Parliament passed laws to regulate the mercantilist system: • Navigation Law (1650)—aimed at Dutch shippers—said that all commerce flowing to and from colonies could be transported only in British (including colonial) vessels. • European goods destined for America first had to land in Britain, where tariff duties could be collected and British middlemen got profits.

30. II. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances (cont.) • Other laws stipulated that American merchants must ship “enumerated” products, notably tobacco, exclusively to Britain, even though prices might be better elsewhere. • British policy inflicted a currency shortage on the colonies. • This situation forced the colonies to issue paper money.

31. II. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances (cont.) • But Parliament prohibited colonial legislatures from printing paper currency. • The British crown reserved the right to nullify any legislation passed by colonial assemblies if it would harm the mercantilist system. • Royal veto was rarely used, but just the idea of a veto incited colonial anger.

32. III. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism • The British mercantile system seemed oppressive, but its laws were loosely enforced. • Americans also reaped direct benefits: • London paid liberal bounties to colonial producers. • Colonies had protection of the world’s most powerful navy and a strong, seasoned army.

33. IV. The Stamp Tax Uproar • After the Seven Years’ War, Britain held one of world’s largest empires and the biggest debt. • 1763: Prime Minister George Grenville ordered the navy to strictly enforce the Navigation Laws. • 1764: He secured from Parliament the Sugar Act, the first law passed by Parliament to raise revenue for the crown from colonies: • Increased duty on sugar from the West Indies. • After bitter protests, duties were lowered substantially, and agitation died down. • Resentment renewed when the Quartering Act (1765) required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.

34. IV. The Stamp Tax Uproar(cont.) • 1765: Stamp tax was imposed: • It aimed to raise revenue to support the new military force. • It mandated the use of stamped paper or affixing of stamps, certifying tax payment. • Stamps were required on bills of sale for about 50 trade items. • Grenville regarded these measures as reasonable because people in England paid a higher stamp tax.

35. V. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act • Colonial protest against the hated stamp tax took various forms: • Stamp Act Congress of 1765: • Stated the rights and grievances of colonists • Beseeched the king and Parliament to repeal the repugnant legislation • Was ignored in England • Was a significant step toward intercolonial unity

36. V. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act(cont.) • Nonimportation agreements: • Agreements against importing British goods • Were a promising stride toward union • Helped unite the American people for the first time in common action • Gave Americans new opportunities to participate in colonial protests

37. V. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act(cont.) • Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty: • Took law into their own hands • Cried, “Liberty, Property, and No Stamps” • Shaken by colonial commotion, the machinery for collecting the tax broke down. • By the time the act was to go into effect (1765), all stamp agents had been forced to resign. • The boycott also hurt the English economy. • Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766.

38. p122

39. V. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act(cont.) • Parliament then passed the Declaratory Act reaffirming its right “to bind” colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” • The British government defined its constitutional principle: absolute and unqualified sovereignty over the colonies.

40. VI. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston “Massacre” • 1767: Townshend Acts: • Imposed a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea • Was an indirect customs duty payable at American ports • Colonists refused any taxes without representation. • They were especially concerned because these taxes would pay salaries of royal governors.

41. VI. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston “Massacre” (cont.) • Nonimportation agreements were renewed against Townshend Acts, but • Colonists took the light new tax less seriously. • They found they could get cheap tea via smuggling. • To enforce order, British then landed two regiments of troops in Boston in 1768. • March 5, 1770: A clash erupted that became known as the Boston Massacre. • John Adams would defend the British soldiers in court.

42. p123

43. p123

44. VII. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence (cont.) • Committees of correspondence: • After one was organized in Boston (1772), some 80 towns set up similar organizations. • They exchanged letters that kept alive opposition to British policy. • Intercolonial correspondence committees were the next logical step. • Virginia led the way in 1773. • Twelve other colonies soon joined the effort. • They played a key role in stimulating and disseminating sentiment in favor of united action. • They evolved directly into the first American congresses.

45. p124

46. VIII. Tea Brewing in Boston • By 1773, the powerful British East India Company was facing bankruptcy: • It had 17 million pounds of unsold tea. • British ministry awarded it a complete monopoly of the American tea business. • It could sell its tea at a very low price. • But colonists saw this as an attempt to trick them into accepting taxes.

47. VIII. Tea Brewing in Boston(cont.) • Hutchinson infuriated Boston’s radicals when he ordered tea ships not to leave Boston until they had unloaded their cargoes: • December 16, 1773: About 100 Bostonians, loosely disguised as Indians, boarded the ships. • They smashed open 342 chests of tea and dumped the contents into the harbor. • This action became known as the Boston Tea Party.

48. p125

49. IX. Parliament Passes the “Intolerable Acts” (Coercive Acts) • Most drastic was the Boston Port Act. • Restrictions were placed on town meetings. • Unlike before, officials who killed colonists in line of duty could now be sent to Britain for trial. • New Quartering Act gave local authorities power to lodge soldiers anywhere, even private homes. • Quebec Act (1774) covered French subjects in Canada: • Québec’s boundaries extended to the Ohio River.

50. X. Bloodshed • American dissenters responded to the plight of Massachusetts: • Colonies sent food to the stricken city of Boston. • Rice was shipped from faraway South Carolina. • Most memorable was summoning of the First Continental Congress in 1774: • It met in Philadelphia to redress grievances. • 12 of 13 colonies (except Georgia) sent 55 men: S. Adams, J. Adams, G. Washington, P. Henry.