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Memory

Memory. All learning requires memory Three stages of memory phenomena Acquisition Retention Retrieval. Taxonomy of Human Memory. Procedural. Declarative. automatic, incremental, unconscious . effortful, conscious . Motor Skills Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning .

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Memory

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  1. Memory • All learning requires memory • Three stages of memory phenomena • Acquisition • Retention • Retrieval

  2. Taxonomy of Human Memory Procedural Declarative automatic, incremental, unconscious effortful, conscious Motor Skills Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Working and Reference Memory Episodic and Semantic Memory

  3. Reference versus Working Memory • Reference memory • long term retention of events, relationships, and procedures • associations, rules, skills. • Working memory • short term retention, typically relevant only to the current trial, includes information retrieved

  4. food Working Memory in Animals • Hunter (1913)

  5. food Working Memory or Body Orientation?

  6. Delayed Matching to Sample (DMTS) Sample Comparison Comparison

  7. Delayed Matching to Sample (DMTS) PECK PECK NO FOOD FOOD

  8. Symbolic Matching to Sample

  9. Symbolic Matching to Sample PECK PECK NO FOOD NO FOOD FOOD FOOD

  10. What is Learned in DMTS? • General Matching Rule • Pigeon = No! (with few samples) • Cumming & Berryman (1965) • - Trained on Red, Green, Blue • - Failed to transfer to Yellow • b) Specific “If-Then Rules” • Symbolic Matching-To-Sample • - Learned as rapidly as Standard DMTS

  11. Memory Coding a) Retrospective = Backward Looking b) Prospective = Forward Looking

  12. Retrospective Code: , Remember IF Prospective Code: , Remember IF

  13. Roitblat, 1980 Confusion Errors? 1. between samples 2. between comparisons Confusions: Comparisons > Samples Therefore: Prospective Coding

  14. Serial List Learning Present list of items to subject one at a time A  B  C  D  E  F Recall in any order

  15. Recency effect Primacy effect Accuracy A B C D E F Serial List Learning Ask subject to recall or recognize a single item

  16. Accuracy Accuracy A B C D E F A B C D E F Humans: Testing immediately after list produces a recency effect Testing after a delay produces a primacy effect What about in other animals?

  17. Radial Arm Maze

  18. How Solved? • Random Choice • Odour Trail • Patterned Responding • Memory*

  19. 12-Arm Radial Maze

  20. 12-Arm Radial Maze

  21. Can rats switch from retrospective to prospective memory?

  22. Cook et al. (1985) • Rats removed after making 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 choices • Shifting from retrospective to prospective midway produces the lowest memory load (inverted U-shaped error curve)

  23. Cook et al. (1985) Remember Places Not Visited Remember Places Visited

  24. Memory Coding a) Active = rehearse relevant information b) Passive = gradual fading of a memory trace

  25. Human Forgetting Curve With No Rehearsal

  26. Pigeon Forgetting Curve Roberts, 1972

  27. Directed Forgetting Sample Remember cue Forget cue don’t peck ITI peck Comparison

  28. peck peck peck Forget cue Delay Least More Most

  29. Human Reference Memory • Duration (relatively long-term) • Capacity (relatively large) • Forgetting (details lost, gist remembered) • Requires Consolidation

  30. Retention of Fear Conditioning

  31. Food Storing Bird About 5,000 Caches 20 x 20 KM Area 9-month Buried Under Snow Clark’s Nutcracker

  32. Sarah Shettleworth

  33. Results • Birds recovered previously cached seeds and made few errors • Didn’t find seeds hidden by experimenter • Didn’t return to the same site if first storing episode is followed by a second storing episode

  34. Summary of Animal Memory  Working Memory Prospective and Retrospective Active and Passive Reference memory Duration and Capacity Forgetting and Consolidation     

  35. Do Animals have Episodic Memory? • Episodic Memory • Conscious Recollection • Dated Personal Memory (what, when, and where)

  36. Western Scrub-Jay (Nicola Clayton)

  37. Clayton’s Results

  38. Metamemory in Rats? • Knowledge of the state of one’s own memory • for example, memory strength • Foote and Crystal (2007) • Duration of noise sample, 2.00 to 3.62 = Left • Duration of noise sample, 4.42 to 8.00 =Right • Choice to continue → memory test, large reward • Choice to bail-out → no test, small reward

  39. Foote and Crystal (2007) Procedure

  40. Foote and Crystal (2007) Results

  41. Problems • Only 2 of 3 rats showed positive results (5 others always bailed or always decided) • Maybe they learned to bail with feedback on the “close” duration values?

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