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“Eukaryotic Tree of Life”

“Eukaryotic Tree of Life”. “FUNGI” are POLYPHYLETIC. F. F. F. STRAMENOPILES (= HETEROKONTS). 28. 29. 31. 30. HETEROKONT FLAGELLA. 32. STRAMENOPILES: Oomycetes (Heterotrophic). 34. 31. 20. 33. OOMYCETES. Nutrition: Hyphal Structure: Cell Structure: Cell Wall Composition:

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“Eukaryotic Tree of Life”

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  1. “Eukaryotic Tree of Life”

  2. “FUNGI” are POLYPHYLETIC F F F

  3. STRAMENOPILES (= HETEROKONTS) 28 29 31 30

  4. HETEROKONT FLAGELLA 32

  5. STRAMENOPILES: Oomycetes (Heterotrophic) 34 31 20 33

  6. OOMYCETES Nutrition: Hyphal Structure: Cell Structure: Cell Wall Composition: Ploidy: Mode of Sexuality:

  7. 8 Water Molds: Saprolegnia 5 6

  8. 4 2 7 3

  9. SAPROLEGNIA: Holomorph 33

  10. Saprolegnia: Anamorph

  11. Saprolegnia: Zoosporangium 34 35

  12. Saprolegnia: Teleomorph

  13. Saprolegnia: Gametangia: Oogonium, Antheridum (Mostly Homothallic)

  14. Saprolegnia: Zygote, Oospore

  15. Achlya 37 36 (Most homothallic, a few heterothallic)

  16. Pythium

  17. Pythium: “Damping Off Disease” 10 11 12 13

  18. Pythium: Holomorph Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996

  19. Pythium: Anamorph Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996

  20. Pythium: Teleomorph Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996

  21. Phytophthora: “Plant Killer” 14

  22. Late Potato Blight 15 14 (Phytophthora infestans)

  23. IRISH POTATO FAMINE (1845-1846) 40 Potato Famine Memorial, Dublin 39

  24. Spaniards introduced South American Solanum species to Europe 300 yrs prior to Irish Potato Famine *No evidence for presence of Phytophthora in South American species prior to 1840s Phytophthora responsible for Late potato blight co-evolved with Mexican Solanum sp. With resistant genes to fungus Alexopoulos et al. 1995

  25. BIRTH OF PLANT PATHOLOGY Anton de Bary (German) (Described fungal life cycle of Phytophthorainfestans (1861, 1863)

  26. Avocado Root Rot 42 43 (Phytophthora cinnamomi)

  27. Soybean Root Rot 47 48 49 (Phytophthora sojae) Sarah Cerra, MS Plant Pathology - ISU (2007), BS Botany, Zoology - WNMU (2005)

  28. Phytophthora: Holomorph Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995

  29. Phytophthora: Anamorph Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995

  30. Phytopthora Anamorph: Sporangiophores and Zoosporangia 50 51

  31. Phytophthora: Teleomorph Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995

  32. Plasmopara 52

  33. Downy Mildew of Grape 16 15 Plasmopara viticola (Downy Mildew and its host grape both native to North America)

  34. Downy Mildew of Grape Plasmopara viticola Phylloxera – Grape Root Aphid

  35. Import of American Grape into France to combat • Grape Root Aphids + (American and French Species Grafted)

  36. 2) Accidental introduction of Plasmopara viticola into France

  37. 3) Alexis Millardet (University of Bordeaux) notices that grapes sprayed with copper sulphate and lime are healthier

  38. 4) Lab investigations (1882) lead to first fungicide: “Bordeaux Mix” + 2 Copper Sulphate Lime

  39. Peronospora 23 22

  40. Downy Mildews of Tobacco 24 25

  41. Albugo 20

  42. White Rust 18 19 21

  43. 1http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/Protists/saprolegnia.jpeg1http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/Protists/saprolegnia.jpeg 2 http://www.fish-medonline.com/images/truefungusimage.jpg 3 http://www.marlab.ac.uk/FRS.Web/Uploads/Images/SaprolegniaFull02.jpg 4 http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/fisheries_techniques/Chapter14/Catfish%20 with%20saprolegnia.jpg 5 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegniazoosporangium.gif 6 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/saprol2.jpg 7 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegnia4.jpg 8 http://www.dokoi.nl/images/ziektes/Saprolegnia1.jpg 9 http://www.agriculture.state.pa.us/agriculture/lib/agriculture/plantindustryfiles/ pythiumirregularefungalstructures.jpg

  44. 10 http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/plantpath/soybean/dampoff/1778.38pythium.jpg 12 http://www.greencast.com.au/media/921/plate%201%20post%20emergence% 20damping%20off_255x191_300x225.jpg 13 http://www.forestpests.org/nursery/images/fnp41-1.jpg 14 http://www.bbc.co.uk/herefordandworcester/content/images/2005/07/11/potato_ blight_203_203x152.jpg 15 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Plasmopara_ viticola_000.jpg 16 http://www.apsnet.org/education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosA-D/downymildew.jpg 17 http://www2.biologie.uni-halle.de/zool/dev_biol/projects/Bustiftg/Pilze/ Mycopix3/vTIE013Plasmopara_viticola.jpg 18 http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Images/Impt_Diseases/ 100_Rad_White.jpg

  45. 19 http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/782.jpg 20 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/march21.jpg 21 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/march22.jpg 22 http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/lab/documents/Peronospora.jpg 23 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg4_files/ peronospora1.jpg 24 http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/forecast/images/figure2.jpg 25 http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/plantpath/alfalfa/downymildew/ 1355.77downymildew.jpg 26 http://www.cuprichem.com/images/Copper%20sulphate%20640x480.jpg 27 http://drnelson.utmem.edu/LaGrande/basictree.png 28 http://www.helpinthecity.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/diatoms.jpg

  46. 29 http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/Species/Chromophycota/o_lamhyp.jpg 30 http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/ Synura_Key306.jpg 31 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/images/saprolegnia.jpg 32 http://hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za/phylogeny/classif/images/heterokont1.gif 33 http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/images/saplife.gif 34 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegniazoosporangium.gif 35 http://pix.botany.org/set02/02-007h_300.jpg 36 http://img213.imageshack.us/img213/6419/achlya2pm2.jpg 37 http://www.livt.net/Clt/Myc/Oom/oom002.jpg 38 http://www.greenbeampro.com/images/stories/Features/2008/04/ GM0408_treat2_cycle.jpg

  47. 39 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/111/314159278_d8165ee834.jpg 40 http://www.ccsdedtech.com/cc/projects/scrapbook/potato/ PotatoDinner.gif 41 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62935&rendTypeId=4 42 http://www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/img/ch30/fig36.jpg 43 http://soiltechnology.com/photos/biomaroco_2.jpg 44 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/166/375423476_a185150bda.jpg 45 http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo01/debary.jpg 46 http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2004/7-12-2004/phytophthora_stand.jpg 47 http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2004/7-12-2004/phytophthora_stand.jpg 48 https://www.biomedia.cellbiology.ubc.ca/cellbiol/media/images/lrg625/ 1058301079_fung64.jpg

  48. 49 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/17/9317-004-4A5AE8CB.jpg 50 http://www.apsnet.org/education/LessonsPlantPath/Lateblight/images/fig15.jpg 51 http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/view/files/pictures/Img0044.jpg 52 http://www.pressure-clean.com/images/sporangia.jpg

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