Welcome to Physics-131 Physics-I

1. Welcome to Physics-131Physics-I

2. TARIQ H. GILANI ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MILLERSVILLE UNIV. ASSISTANT PROF (2002). PENN STATE UNIVERSITY STATE COLLEGE, PA (2000) ----- POST DOC. JOHN CARROLL UNIVERSITY CLEVELAND, OH (2001) ----- VISITING ASS. PROF. PhD---- KYOTO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN (1997). Office: R 236 (STB) Ph. 872-3291 E-mail: tariq.gilani@millersville.edu

3. Welcome toPhysics 131 Text: Physics, 9th Edition, Cutnell and Johnson Lab Notebook: Bound Lab Notebook, quad ruled, (9.75” x 7.5”). Please bring this lab notebook to your first meeting. A scientific calculator for use in Lab. Reference Books: 1. Physics, 2nd Edition, Urone. 2. Physics For Scientists and Engineers, 4th Edition, Serway. 3. University Physics, 10th Edition, Young & Freedman.

4. Each Lab must be satisfactorily completed to pass this course PurposeIt is an introductory algebra-based course. To become familiar with basic ideas of physics – Mechanics, Heat, Energy, Waves and Sound. The primary focus will be on concepts Class Lectures Discussion Problems Demonstrations

5. Exams and Grading There will be Four in-class exams during the semester (Each Friday). In addition to the exams, laboratory and attendance will be considered. Each of these counts towards your final grade as follows: Tentative Dates In-class exams 80% Every Friday Attendance 10% -------- Labs: 10% ------------------- Each Lab must be satisfactorily completed to pass this course

6. Labs You must complete all lab work. Missed Work If you miss a lab or exam for any reason, you must contact your instructor as soon as possible for arrangement. My phone # 872-3291, e-mail:tariq.gilani@millersville.edu Department office: 872-3411 (In case you have difficulty in finding me)

7. 90-100% A 65-69.9% C+ 85-89.9% A- 60-64.9% C80-84.9% B+ 55-59.9% C- 75-79.9% B 50-54.9% D+ 70-74.9% B- 45-49.9% D <45% F The minimum score for any grade may be lowered based on the difficulty of quiz or examination questions. Grading Scale

8. Syllabus and Other Information www.millersville.edu/~tgilani

9. Physics Heat and Energy Waves and Sound Mechanics What is Phys 131?

10. Physics tells us the rules of the universe. To enjoy more!! What is Physics? Physics --- Study of basic nature of matter and the interactions that govern the behavior • Observing and understanding the Physical world ----- Physics is most basic of all sciences. • It predicts “how nature will behave in particular situation on the basis of experiments. • Space Science • Transportation Industry • Electronics and Computer Science • Medical Equipments In Physics • How to see the world? • Use reasoning • Apply the Physical Principles

11. Measurements must be accurate, precise and reproducible SI CGS BE Measurements Experiments involve the measurements of quantities First step --- defining units Research needs communication among international researchers Common Language --- System of Units How small an atom is? System of measurements SI is most widely used Along with few more are base Their units are basic units All other units are derived Length, Mass and Time

12. MKS CGS BE Length Meter (m) centimeter (cm) foot (ft) Metric Units Length -------- meters (mm, cm, km,…) Mass --------- Kilograms (mg, cg, g, …) Time ---------- seconds (ns, ms, …) Mass Kilogram (Kg) gram (g) Slug (Sl) Second (s) Time Second (s) Second (s) Main Advantage Conversion within the system is quite easy 1 Kg = 1000 g 1 g = 1000 mg

13. English System • Metric system 1999--- NASA’s Mars climate orbiter became a victim of confusion. Cost US$125 million SI System (International system): Three basic units of measurements Length or distance Meter (m) Mass Kilogram (kg) Second (s) Time SI System or MKS system

14. Kilometer (km) centimeter (cm) Mega meter (Mm) millimeter (mm) Giga meter (Gm) micrometer (m) nanometer (nm) Power of 10 Example: 100,000 = 105 and 0.00001 = 10-5 1000 = 103 1Million = 106 1 Micro = 10-6 and so on To multiply 102X106 = 105X10-7 = To divide 102/106 = 105/10-7 = The universe is only seconds old A Million Trillion seconds 106X1012 = 1018s

15. PrefixFigure Scientific WordsNotationgiga = 1000,000,000= 109 = 1 billionmega = 1000,000 = 106 = 1 millionkilo = 1000 = 103 = 1 thousandcenti = 1/100 = 0.01 = 10-2 = 1 hundredthmilli = 1/1000 = 0.001 = 10-3 = 1 thousandthmicro = 1/1000,000 = 10-6 = 1 millionth nano = 1/1000,000,000 = 10-9 = 1 billionth Commonly used Metric Prefixes

16. Can you tell with out using calculator? • How many inches are there in 6 miles? • How many meters are there in 6 km? How small an atom is? Pretty small 1 Million (106) atoms if put together can not be bigger than this period at the end of this sentence. • 1970 --- First direct evidence of atom using SEM • 1983 --- First 3-D image of an atom was obtained using STM Atoms were dragged and arranged to write the name of laboratory (IBM).

17. Dimension of Length Dimension of Time L S = T Whatever system of units you use --- be consistent Can not mix ---- length in ft and mass in kg A quantity is always expressed by a number and its units (if it has) Distance --- units of length Speed in units of length divided by units of time Dimensions Dimension of speed = Dimension Analysis First check of mathematical relation Mathematical relation must have same dimensions on both side of the equation

18. 2 X = ½ v t L 2 T T Example X is distance v is speed t is time Dimensions L H S R H S L = L T Relation is wrong X = ½ v t has the right dimensions

19. Hypotenuse h opposite ho Adjacent ha Trigonometry Basic Relations h2 = ho2 + ha2

20. A Scalars and Vectors Scalar --- Quantity that need magnitude only Mass, Volume, Temperature Vector --- Quantity that need magnitude and direction Force, displacement Arrow --- direction Length --- magnitude 2 Km due East 4 Km due East Vector is represented by Boldface letter or Arrow on the symbol A or A scalar is represented by italic symbol A A vector has magnitude and direction A = 2 m due west Magnitude = 2 m

21. Vector Addition Magnitude and direction • When all vectors are in the same direction A = 2 m due East and B = 5 m due East Their resultant R = A + B = 7 m due East • When two vectors are pointing opposite North A = 2 m East B = 5 m West => R = 3 m West • Perpendicular vectors R A = 2 m East B = 5 m North B West East A R = [A2 + B2]1/2 Direction Degrees North of East South

22. Subtraction A – B = A + (- B) Multiplying a vector with -1 => magnitude remains the same while direction is reversed A = 2m East -A = 2m west Graphical Method • Draw Vector A • Draw vector B starting at the arrowof A • R (= A + B) is from tail of A to head of B • Measure the Length and angle of R Must use same scale

23. Ax = A Ay = A Along x-axis Along y-axis Vector Components y-axis Along x-axis x-component y-component Along y-axis A Ay A = 2 Km at 30 o North of East Ax X-axis

24. Adding by Vector components A = 2 Km 30o North of East B = 3 Km 60o North of East Ax = 2 Cos (30o) Bx = 3 Cos (60o) By = 3 Sin (60o) Ay = 2 Sin (30o) Rx = Ax + Bx Ry = Ay + By R = [R2x + R2y ]1/2

25. Summary • Units ---- SI System (length  m, Mass  Kg and Time s). • Dimensions --- First check of Mathematical relation. • Trigonometry --- Cosine, Sine and Tangent functions. • Scalar and Vector Quantities. • Scalar can be described completely by magnitude • Vector needs direction along with magnitude to be fully described. • Vector Addition and Subtraction • Graphical Method • Vector Components Method

26. Practice • Are two vectors with the same magnitude necessarily be equal? • Conceptual Questions (FOC): 8, 15, 17 • Problem 6, 15, 37, 40, 46 and 49