KETOACIDOSIS

1. KETOACIDOSIS

2. WARNING • Is a life – threatening condition • When large amounts of fats are metabolized for energy.(the body uses fat instead of glucose for fuel) • When fat is broken down, chemicals called KETONES are produced. They get into a person's blood and urine . • High levels of KETONES cause the blood to become more acidic. • This happens in improper fasting or diet, and high protein diets.

3. Symptoms of KETOACIDOSIS • nausea, vomiting, belly pain, fast breathing, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness. • The odor of ACETONE can be detected on the persons breath. • People with KETOACIDOSIS need to get emergency medical treatment.

4. Precautions • Proper DIET & EXERCISE and MEDICAL Check – up. • Monitor a person on a very low-carbohydrate diet. • Normally, your body gets the energy it needs from CARBOHYDRATE in your diet. However, stored fat is broken down and KETONES are made if your diet does not contain enough carbohydrate to supply the body with sugar (GLUCOSE) for energy or if your body cannot use blood sugar glucose properly. • KETONES test in blood or urine.

7. KETONE

8. KETONE means • KETONE(pronounced as key tone) is an organic Functional Group characterized by a CARBONYL group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms. • FUNCTIONAL GROUP in which two organic substituents are bonded to a CARBONYL.

9. KETONEcan be generally represented by the formula: O ║ C R2 R1

10. PREPARATIONS

11. Synthetic

12. Oxidation 2ᵒ Alcohol gen. formula 2ᵒ Alcohol -----→ KETONE + H2O KMnO4 K2Cr2O7 EXAMPLE O ║ OH KMnO4 --------→ H2O CH3 – CH – CH3 CH3 – C – CH3 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL ACETONE

13. Hydration ofAlkynes gen. formula Alkynes + H2O ---→ Ketone EXAMPLE O ║ CH3 – C – CH3 CH3 – C ≡ CH H2 – O --------→ ACETONE PROPYNE

14. Natural Sources

15. Mint plants & Peppermint Flavoring H3C ║ O CH3 – CH – CH3 Menthone

16. Camphor Tree Characteristics medicinal odor; & an ingredient in some inhalants

18. Fructose

19. APPLICATIONS

20. EXTRACTION

22. ORAL contraceptives

24. norethynodrel OH H3C C ≡ CH ║ O

25. CH3 │ C ═ O Progesterone H3C H3C H3C OH ║ O H3C ║ O Testosterone

27. FOOD Industry

29. Butter & Margarine Flavoring O ║ O ║ CH3 – C – C – CH3 Biacetyl

31. Indus.Cleaners

34. Paint Thinners

37. Cosmetic Industry

39. TANNING LOTION

40. TANNING LOTION O ║ HO – CH2 – C – CH2 – OH (DHA) dihydroxyacetone

41. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

42. Physical distinction ofKETONES • KETONES are water clear, highly mobile liquids with a characteristic odour. • They are chemically very stable. • Due to the carbonyl group, KETONES are hydrogen acceptors and have an outstanding solvency. • This makes KETONESmore volatile than alcohols and carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight. • A carbonyl group is polar. This makes KETONESpolar compounds. • The carbonyl groups interact with water by hydrogen bonding, and KETONES are soluble in water.

43. Table of Comparisons Therefore KETONES compares to Alcohol, Aldehyde, Alkane and Carboxylic Acid are in D’ middle in terms in B.P. & Solubility.

44. NOMENCLATURE

45. Simplest KETONE O ║ EXAMPLE CH3 – C – CH3 IUPAC 2 – propanone COMMON dimethylketone acetone

46. EXAMPLE O ║ CH3 – (CH2)3 – C – (CH2)2 – CH3 IUPAC 4 – octanone COMMON butylpropylketone

47. EXAMPLE CH3 O ║ CH3 – CH – C – CH – CH3 3HC IUPAC 2,2 – dimethyl – 3 – pentanone COMMON diisopropylketone

48. IUPAC EXAMPLES O ║ C dicyclohexylketone IUPAC O ║ C cyclohexylhexylketone (CH2)5 – CH3

49. EXAMPLE O ║ (CH2)4 – CH3 CH3 – C – CH – C – (CH2)2 – CH3 CH3(CH2)4 IUPAC 3 – pentyl – 4 – propyl – 2 – nonanone

50. EXAMPLES O ║ CH2═ CH – CH2 – C – CH2 – CH3 IUPAC 5 – hexen – 3 – one O ║ IUPAC 3 – methyl – 2 – cyclohexenone CH3