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Physiology of Gestation & Parturition

Physiology of Gestation & Parturition. Physiology of Gestation. Gestation periode beginning with fertilisation to end with parturition of foetus Gestation consist 3 class : ovum periode embryo periode foetus periode. Ovum periode is periode from fertilisation to implantation

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Physiology of Gestation & Parturition

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  1. Physiology of Gestation & Parturition

  2. Physiology of Gestation

  3. Gestation periode beginning with fertilisation to end with parturition of foetus • Gestation consist 3 class : • ovum periode • embryo periode • foetus periode

  4. Ovum periode is periode from fertilisation to implantation • Embryo periode is periode from implantation to early visceral organ formed. • Foetus periode is periode from visceral organ formed, ekstremitas to partus (Robert,1956).

  5. Hafez (1974) statements : • Ovum periode : from ovulation to fertilisation, Periode embrio dimulai sejak terjadi fertilisasi, • Embryo periode : from fertilisation, implantation to visceral organ formed • periode fetus : ekstremitas organ formed to parturition

  6. Placentation • Placenta (Foetus membrane) is tissue connection between embryo & mom • Placenta Function : • Food pathway from mom to embryo • Rubbish substance pathway from embryo to mom

  7. Early gestation  Change of trophoblast morphology as : • 1. Khorion (outer membrane) • 2. Allantois (between khorion & amnion) • 3. Amnion (inner membrane)

  8. Placentation consists of : 1. Placenta materna ; endometrium (Corunculae) 2.Placenta foetalis ; trophoblast (Cotyledone)

  9. MACROS & MICROS of PLACENTA • After implantation of embryo at endometrium, next trophoblast & endometrium fused, is called PLACENTA. • Firs nutrition of embryo from uterine milk (histotroph/ susu uterus).

  10. Placenta devided 3 part: • Amnion : direct contact with foetus • Alantois: between amnion & chorion • Chorion : outer part membrane

  11. PLACENTA TYPE • Cotyledonaria : Cow, ewe, goat  have coruncula • Difusa : Sow & Mare  haven’t coruncula • Zonaria : Dog • Discoidalis : Monkey, human, rat, guinea pig, rabit

  12. Histologyst structure of placenta • Epitheliochoriale (placenta difusa) : blood circulation between mom & foetus separated by 2 epithel layer, 2 endothel layer & 2 connective tissue from mom & foetus • Syndesmochoriale (plasenta cotiledonaria) : consists of 1 epithel layer, thiner than epiteliochoriale.

  13. 3. Endotheliochoriale (placenta zonaria). blood circulation between mom & foetus separated by 3 layer from foetus (endothel, connective tissue & trophoblast epithel) & 1 layer from mom (endothel) 4. Hemochoriale (placenta diskoidale) blood circulation between mom & foetus separated by 3 layer conective cell from trophoblast 5. Hemoendotelial (plasenta diskoidale-kelinci) blood circulation between mom & foetus separated only by 1 layer endothel cell from blood vessel foetus

  14. LONG TIME OF GESTATION • Long time of gestation counted from fertilisation to prturition, but fertilisation didn’t know exactly. So… Long time of gestation counted from last matting to partus • Long time of gestation influences by maternal factors, genetic, foetus & environment

  15. CHANGE OF FEMALE GENITAL ORGAN DURING GESTATION 1. Vulva & Vagina After retilisation, vulva & vagina not yet change. Edema vulva : 6-7 months of gestation in heifer 8,5 – 9 months of gestation in cow. Perubahan vagina terlihat adanya pertambahan vaskularisasi mukosa vagina.

  16. 2. Servik * After fertilisation : cerviks crypta  produce mucous liquid * Older gestation  increase mucouse * Approach of partus  contraction of cerviks musculator * Cow : 2-5 days before partus  cerviks musculatur relaxation & opened

  17. 3. Uterus * After fertilisation : Increase vascularitation of endometrium, glandulas growing prolongation, twisting & produce of uterus milk (histotroph) Condition of uterus  quiet because influence of progesteron * After implantation  pathway of nutrition & rubbish substance  attachment of tropoblast – blood vasel at endometrium.

  18. 4. Ovarium * After ovulation  korpushaemorrhagicum or korpus rubrum  2-3 days  luteinisation proces  Corpus luteum (CL). * Cow & Ewe  5 – 6 days after ovulation CL grow up. If didn‘t gestation  CL regretion by PGF2 alfa from endometrium * If Gestation  CL function constantly CL Graviditatum & constantly to function to last gestation (cow, ewe, goat, sow & buffalo).

  19. ROLE OF HORMON IN GESTATION PROCESS * Main Endokrine gland : Ovarium (CL & Folicle), Plasenta, Hipotalamus, & Hipofisa. * Support endokrine gland : tyroid & adrenal * Hipotalamus & Hipofisa  Regulator gland

  20. * CL  produce P4 * Folikel  produce E2 * Placenta  produce P4 & E2 * In Urine : Mare  consist Estron, Estradiol 17 & β Goat & Ewe  Estradiol 17  Sow  Estron Cow  Estron & Estradiol 17  * Placenta of Mare  produce steroid & gonadotrophine (PMSG) FSH  produce fol  not ovulated  lutein  CL Ascesoris  produce P4

  21. EXAMINE OF GESTATION IN FARM ANIMAL • CLINICALY 1. VISUAL INSPECTION 2. REKTAL PALPATION • LABORATORIOSLY 1. HORMONE EXAMINATION 2. USG 3. RADIOGRAFI 4. IMUNOLOGY

  22. PHYSIOLOGY OF PARTURITION

  23. Gestation is physiologis process, how about gestacy of uterus to spend of foetus & placenta by ductus reproduction • Strong stimulation from uterus musculatur, stomach & diafragma • Before partus formerly with signs of partus

  24. PLACE OF FOETUS IN PARTUS TIME Normal Place 1. Anterior (letak muka) 2. Posterior (letak sungsang). Eutokia Easy partus process Distokia Difficult partus process  need human help

  25. DISTOKIA (kaki depan)

  26. DISTOKIA (Kepala & 1 kaki)

  27. DISTOKIA (hanya ekor)

  28. PARTUS STAGES • 1. EARLY STAGE / PREPARATION STAGE • 2. FOETUS & PLASENTA EXPULSION / CONTRACTION / LABOR 2.1. PREPARE OF CONTRACTION 2.2. STRONG CONTRACTION FOR FOETUS EXPULSION 2.3. CONTRACTION FOR PLACENTA EXPULSION • 3. PUERPURIUM

  29. EARLY STAGE / PREPARATION STAGE • Normal Parturition  Preparation stage longer incessant than contraction stage. • Preparation stage can incessant several hours or days, whereas contraction stage can incessant in count minute.

  30. TEORY OF EARLY STAGE First : mechanic factor  grow up offoetus Second : hormon factor P4, E2 dan Oxsitosyn. Third : intern foetusfactor Fourth : combined of 3th teory above

  31. I. Mechanic Factor (If Normal Gestation) Foetus volume ↑  partus If Abnormal/ Patologik Condition  Hydrops (Allantois Liquid ↑)  partus Foetus twin in monotocous  parturition faster

  32. II. Hormonal Factor Oksitocyne Role for begin contraction of myometrium Progesteron Take care of gestation with preventive contraction from musculator uterus until calm of uterus

  33. Estrogen Placenta grow up  E2 ↑ Prostaglandin contraction from musculatur of uterus

  34. III. FOETUS FACTOR • FOETUS GROW UP • UTERUS REPEATEDLY STRECH OUT • CORTISOL STIMULATE FROM FETUS

  35. IV. COMBINED OF TEORY • ↑ P4  inhibiting of myometrium contraction • ↑ Foetus Volume utereus repeatedly stretch out • ACTH from foetus  Cortex Adrenal  produce Corticosteroid • Corticosteroid stimulate  PGF2↑ & E2 ↑ P4 • E2 ↑ Sensitivitas myometrium toward Oxytocine • Myometrium contraction ↑ (several hours to days)

  36. 2. CONTRACTION STAGE • Prepare of Contraction stage • Contraction for spend out of foetus • Contraction for spend out of placenta

  37. Prepare of Contraction Intensitas contraction of myometrium ↑ until spend out of allantois from vulva • Spend out of Foetus very quickly • Spend out of placenta

  38. RETENSIO SECUNDINARUM

  39. HOW NEXT ??

  40. Puerpurium Changes after parturition + spend out of placenta until Estrous again

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