THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

1. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Several years in the making 1863-Present

2. Freedom is always free 1863-Emanicapation Proclamation- "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free." -Only freed the slaves in the succeeding south. Those that were part of the Union that were border states still maintain slavery in some form. -At the end of the Civil War, by June 19, 1865 the enforcement of the Proclamation finally made it all the way to Texas through the use of federal troops

3. The Amendments and Reconstruction 13th Amendment-”Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. “ 14th Amendment-”All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. “ 15th Amendment-”The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

4. Reading between the lines Shortly after the Civil War many African Americans experienced some success during the Reconstruction Era. Many former slaves were able to attain some measure of success as land owners. Others found ways to create entire communities sustained independent of white control. However, many were subject to “black codes” that were enforced by states in the south. These codes were the beginning of what were later called Jim Crow laws.

5. Who is Jim Crow? -Originally a caricature of a black man created by a white entertainer to show the buffoonery of black people. -Eventually became a set of laws enforced by states to control, intimidate , degradation, and segregate black society across the United States. -Many of these laws remained enforced from about 1870 – 1950. Shortly after the end of WWII.

6. Jim Crow laws -Effected the right to vote -effected the right to marry -effected the right to own land -created second class citizenship close to slavery under the idea of sharecropping. -keep “niggers in there place” using terror.

7. -Miscegenation- prohibits interracial marriages -Pig law of Mississippi- stealing a pig was grand larceny chain gains- work camps for prisoners. Black received harsher sentences for crimes and were subcontracted out to business that needed labor and did not have to pay for it. -Segregated railcars, restaurants, hotels, buses, schools all supported by state laws. -Literacy Tests- which required that blacks and poor whites take a test before being allowed to vote. The test for blacks was different that the one for whites. -Poll tax which required that a tax be paid to vote. -White primary which stated that only whites could vote in Democratic elections.

8. Segregation holds the country stagnant Compromise of 1877-Democratic control vowed not to allow blacks the right to vote. Republicans denounced Democratic tactics during the vote. During the race of Samuel Tilden vs. Rutherford B. Hayes, several votes were contested. Eventually the race went to Rutherford B. Hayes. In order to quell the rising tide of animosity among the Democrats and Republican, President Hayes agreed to remove Federal troop support from many of the black political and financial leaders in the southern states. This move allowed several white political figures to physically force black to relinquish the political and financial power that had been gain during reconstruction. Plessey vs. Ferguson (1892)- court decision which further enforces segregation. Plessey was a black man that could pass for white in Louisiana. He originally took a seat in what was a “white” rail car. He was admitted upon entrance. He openly admitted he was black and was quickly arrested. The case was taken all the way to the Supreme Court on the grounds that it went against the 13th and 14th amendment. The court upheld the legality of separate but equal

9. Terrorism at home. • Klu Klux Klan- several southern members donned white hoods and robes to physically force the resurgence of disenfranchising blacks. Through the use of terror and media they were able to create sweeping indigment of the black race. They were seen as evil animals and savages that steal from their communities and rape their women. • In order to control the “savages” several southern whites went on lynching sprees.

10. Lynching – a public execution of a person carried out my an angry mob. this is not court ordered or a sanctioned execution but one that is done without stated law. Journal E: Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America

11. Enough is Enough Men like Frederick Douglas and Booker T. Washington were on to sides of the same issue. Frederick Douglas, a former slave turned abolitionist, felt constant pressure needed to be placed on the government to uphold it laws of the constitution. Booker T. Washington, also a former slave, educated himself and eventually created his the Tuskegee Institute. He felt blacks needed to work within the system given and create an existence for themselves. W.E.B. Dubois, a Harvard educated professor, understood that even within the system as a black man you are no longer equal to that of white society. He became an active member of the NAACP which was founded in 1909. He inspired the “Talented 10th” in which he believed that it was the duty of the 10 percent of blacks that have achieved politically, financial, or socially to uplift the remaining 90 percent of black people in society. These people became your voice during the mid 1900’s. People like Zora Neale Hurtson ,Langston Hughes , A. Philip Randolph, and Carter Goodwin Woodson wrote about the plight of black people. Mary McCloud Bethune educated young people. Paul Robeson, and Duke Ellington entertained.

12. -The disparity between the races starts to become more evident with World War I. By the end of the war black regiments had achieved success in Europe and fought for the freedom of those oppressed in the East, however, upon returning home they realized that had returned to the second class citizenship status. They were still unable to vote, own land, or enjoy any of the liberties of their white officers. They were trained to walk as men in the military, but treated as less than equal after returning home. This help to push the Civil Rights movement forward. With the push of the NAACP several cases were fought to uphold the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments and abolish several of the laws of Jim Crow.

13. WWII Tuskegee Airmen and the National Association of Colored Graduate nurses, with the help of A. Philip Randolph put pressure of Roosevelt to desegregate the military. At home blacks were breaking down barriers in sports with Jesse Owens and Althea Gibson. In music with Marian Anderson, Duke Ellington, Mahalia Jackson, Bessie Smith, and Billy Holiday. We were still struggling however across the board to achieve politically.

14. Compare the two classrooms. Are they really separate by equal? What does it say about the Supreme Court ruling?

15. The Civil Rights Movement gains momentum Brown vs. Board of Education – a landmark case tried by NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall challenges the law of “separate but equal” in schools. Segregated schools do not provide equal education under the law because the physical attributes says it does. Basically, just because you have provided a school building does not mean that the education within that building is the same. Segregated schools do not provide the same level of educational exposure to that of the white schools. The results of the case found that separation of schools “equal” and should be abolished. “THE FLOOD GATES ARE NOW OPEN”

17. The Little Rock Nine-

18. Who is this and what do you think has happened to him?

19. That was Emmet Till . In 1955, Emmet was a young man who was sent from Chicago south to his grandmother in Mississippi. While there it was reported that he (whistled) at a white woman. He was found by a group of white men- beat, shot and lynched. The only way to identify his body was by a ring his mother had given him. News of his murder was reported throughout the country, and eventually around the world. This incident help to bring national attention to horrors for black people in the south. J.W. Milam, and Roy Bryant were acquitted of the murder in 67 minutes.

20. Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Bombing 1963 Birmingham, Alabama

21. Protest bring the struggle to the world