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The 1960s & Early 1970s Chapters 31 & 32

The 1960s & Early 1970s Chapters 31 & 32. “Each time you stand up for an ideal, you send forth a tiny ripple of hope. - Robert Kennedy Mrs. Price / APUSH. The Sixties. THE SIXTIES. LIVING WITH GREAT TURMOIL. Election of 1960. R: Nixon D: Kennedy Importance of TV: Debates

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The 1960s & Early 1970s Chapters 31 & 32

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  1. The 1960s & Early 1970sChapters 31 & 32 “Each time you stand up for an ideal, you send forth a tiny ripple of hope. - Robert Kennedy Mrs. Price / APUSH

  2. The Sixties THE SIXTIES LIVING WITH GREAT TURMOIL

  3. Election of 1960 • R: Nixon • D: Kennedy • Importance of TV: Debates • Close election

  4. The Camelot Years 1961-1963

  5. JFK’s Domestic Policy • New Frontier • Promised end to racial discrimination • Federal aid to farmers • Federal aid to education • Medical care for elderly • Difficulty getting proposals passed

  6. JFK’s Foreign Policy • Flexible Response • Expanded Green Berets • Expanding US influence in peaceful ways • Alliance for Progress • Agency for International Development • Peace Corps

  7. Berlin Wall • Aug 13, 1961: East German govt begins construction of wall separating East & West Berlin • To stop flow of East Germans

  8. Bay of Pigs • Project began by Eisenhower • CIA trained Cuban exiles in Central America • April 17, 1961: exiles land at Bay of Pigs, Cuba • No US air support, no support from locals • failure

  9. Cuban Missile Crisis • Oct 1962 • Oct 14: US learned USSR was building sites on Cuba for nuclear weapons • Oct 22: JFK orders blockade & to prepare for air attacks • Oct 26: Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles in exchange for US not invading Cuba

  10. Cold War Tensions • Kennedy and Khrushchev establish a telephone hot line. • The US and USSR sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty-barring nuclear testing in the atmosphere, this eased Cold War tensions

  11. Impact of JFK • Forced integration of colleges • Inspired idealism • Space program • Death allowed LBJ to accomplish his goals

  12. Tragedy in Dallas • JFK is assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963 • Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson is sworn in aboard Air Force One.

  13. Tragedy in Dallas • Lee Harvey Oswald is arrested and charged with the murder of the President. • The Warren Commission concludes that Oswald acted alone.

  14. LBJ and the Great Society

  15. LBJ’s Path to Power: • Johnson's imitates FDR’s leadership style. • LBJ’s connection in Congress and Southern Protestant background secure him a slot with JFK. • The “Johnson Treatment”

  16. Johnson’s Domestic Agenda: The Great Society • Civil Rights Act of 1964: banned discrimination based on race, religion, national origin and gender. • Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC): to try to eliminate discriminatory hiring

  17. War on Poverty • LBJ declares an “unconditional war on poverty.” • Economic Opportunity Act (1964): provided $1 billion for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small business loans and job training (Job Corps) • VISTA (volunteers in Service to America) and Head Start are formed to help the poor. • Food Stamps • Aid to Families with Dependent Children

  18. Election of 1964 • LBJ vs. Barry Goldwater • LBJ plays to American fears of nuclear war. • LBJ wins by a landside, the Democrats increased the majority in the Congress. http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/peace-little-girl-daisy

  19. Building the Great Society • Medicare: hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for over 65. • Medicaid: health insurance to welfare recipients • 24th Amendment: eliminated poll taxes

  20. The Warren Court • The Supreme Court decisions become more liberal • Baker v. Carr – one person, one vote • Engel v. Vitale – outlawed required prayers in public schools • Griswold v. Wainwright – declared a state law that outlawed the use of birth control by married persons unconstitutional

  21. Rights of the Accused • Mapp v. Ohio - evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court. • Gideon v. Wainwright - free legal counsel. • Miranda v. Arizona – suspects must be read their rights.

  22. Impact of the Great Society • Extends the power of the federal government • New awareness of social problems. • Debates over the effectiveness of the Great Society programs result in a conservative backlash. • In 1966 Ronald Reagan a conservative wins the California governorship. • Costs of the programs have skyrocketed.

  23. CIVIL RIGHTS CIVIL RIGHTS

  24. Freedom Riders • CORE attempts to test the Supreme Court decisions banning segregated seating on interstate buses • College Students rode the buses • Exposes Southern resistance to federal desegregation rulings.

  25. Integration of Colleges • Federal troops are needed to get James Meredith into all white University of Mississippi.

  26. Birmingham 1963 • From 1957-1963: 18 bombings in Birmingham. • MLK Jr. came to town to test methods • King led small band of marchers on April 12, 1963 • MLK Jr. is arrested by Bull Conner

  27. Birmingham 1963 • King writes, “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” • On May 2nd, King plans a children’s march, Conner arrests 959 of them. • Press coverage shocks nation • Boycotts & protests convinces Birmingham to end segregation

  28. March on Washington • To pressure Congress into passing the civil rights bill. • August 28, 1963: Martin Luther King Jr. delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington

  29. More Violence • September 1963: a bomb exploded in the 16th Street Baptist Church killing four young girls.

  30. Freedom Summer (1964) • Violence and intimidation prevent millions of African-Americans in the South from registering to vote. • CORE and SNCC planned a voter registration drive in Mississippi • Three civil rights workers are killed because of their work involving voter registration

  31. Selma march • In 1965 the SCLC decided to march on Selma • King hopes for violent white response to the march to push through a voting rights act. • Over 2000 African –Americans were arrested, Selma sheriff Jim Clark and his men attacked civil rights demonstrators.

  32. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • enabled federal officials to register voters and outlawed voter literacy tests.

  33. African-Americans Seek Greater Equality • Divisions in the civil rights movement over tactics • De jure segregation: segregation by law. (In the South) • De facto segregation: segregation from habit and tradition (the North)

  34. Urban Violence • July 1964: race riot in New York • Aug 11, 1965: riot in Watts (Los Angeles) • 1967: riots in over 100 cities

  35. Malcom X • Became a member of the Nation of Islam • 1st advocated separatism; later moderated views • Insisted blacks had a right to defend themselves • Assassinated in 1965 by rivals in the Nation of Islam

  36. Black Panthers • Advocated Black Power, Black nationalism and community development.

  37. 1968-A Turning Point • Martin Luther King, Jr. Tries to organize a Poor People’s Campaign to counter the angry rhetoric of Black Power. • On April 4, 1968 , King is assassinated by James Earl Ray.

  38. Reaction to King’s Death • Worst wave of race riots in the nation’s history. • June 4, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan.

  39. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement. • Civil Rights Act of 1968: banned discrimination in housing. • The number of African – Americans elected increased • Affirmative Action: the government passed laws requiring companies and colleges to hire or enroll groups that suffered from past discrimination.

  40. Election of 1968 • D: Humphrey • R: Nixon • American Independent Party: G. Wallace • Violence at Democratic Convention in Chicago • Nixon wins

  41. Mobilization of Minorities • Native Americans (AIM: American Indian Movement) • Hispanics (United Farm Workers – Cesar Chavez) • Women (NOW)

  42. Counter Culture • Youth reject traditional values of middle class • Long hair, shabby clothes • Hippies • Drug use

  43. Nixon’s Foreign Policy • Nixon Doctrine: US would honor its existing defense commitments but in future countries would have to fight their own wars • Period of Détente with China & Russia • 1972: Nixon visits China • 1972: SALT I Treaty with USSR

  44. Nixon’s Domestic Policy • Economically conservative • New Federalism: shifting responsibilities back to states • Active on the Environment: • EPA (1970) • Clean Air Act (1970) • Clean Water Act (1972)

  45. The Burger Court • Nixon appoints Warren Burger, Harry Blackmun, Lewis Powell, William Rehnquist • Was supposed to move court in a more conservative direction

  46. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg BOE (1971): forced busing to integrate schools • Furman v. Georgia (1972): ruled current practice of capital punishment unconstitutional • Roe v. Wade (1973): struck down laws forbidding abortions • Bakke v. Board of Regents of CA (1978):banned quotas in admissions but race can be considered

  47. Election of 1972 • R: Nixon • D: McGovern • Nixon wins in a landslide (60.7% of popular vote)

  48. Watergate • Begins with burglary at Democratic headquarters • Men were working for CREEP • Misuse of CIA, FBI, & IRS • Nixon refuses to cooperate & tries to interfere with investigation • Nixon resigns Aug 1974

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