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Doppler shifts (  v n ) can’t distinguish between flows paral-lel to B , perpendicular to B , or in an intermediate direction. Since  B n /  t =  x ( v x B ), flows v || along B do not affect  B n /  t, so “inductive flow” methods only determine v  .

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  1. Doppler shifts ( vn) can’t distinguish between flows paral-lel to B, perpendicular to B, or in an intermediate direction. • Since Bn/t =  x (v x B), flows v|| along B do not affect Bn/t, so “inductive flow” methods only determine v. • Once v is known, the measured Doppler shift allows determination of v||.

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