9 Grammar Sentence Structure

1. 9 GrammarSentence Structure Simple sentence Compound Sentence Complex sentence Compound-complex sentence

2. Simple Sentence • A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause. • Weworked long hours at the polling booth. • Ed and Ichecked and rechecked our answer. • Note – a simple sentence can have a compound subject and/or a compound verb.

3. Writing Use simple sentences for emphasis and clarity Too many simple sentences, however, can make your writing sound choppy and disjointed

4. Compound Sentence • A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, by a semicolon, by a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb, or with a correlative conjunction. • My brotherbought some stamps yesterday, and hemounted them in his stamp collection. • Ben and Igobbled the oranges; theytasted very good after the hike.

5. Coordinating Conjunctions • Coordinating conjunctions link 2 independent clauses to form a compound sentence. • For Or • And Yet • Nor So • But • She could not read, yet she played the piano beautifully.

6. Conjunctive Adverbs • Conjunctive adverbs are adverbs used as conjunctions to connect complete ideas. • They can follow a semicolon to give added meaning to a compound sentence. • They are often used as transitions, creating bridges between different ideas by showing comparisons, contrasts, results, etc. • She could not read music; however, she played the piano beautifully.

7. Conjunctive Adverbs Accordingly Afterward Again Also Anyhow As a result At the time Besides Consequently Conversely Finally For example For instance Furthermore However In addition In fact Indeed Instead Last Later Likewise Meanwhile Moreover Nevertheless Next Now On the other hand Otherwise Similarly Soon Still Sure Then Thereafter Therefore Thus Too

8. Correlative Conjunctions • Correlative conjunctions are paired conjunctions that link balanced words, phrases, and clauses • Either … or • Neither … nor • Both … and • Not only … but also • Just as … so • The more … the less • The more … the more

9. Writing • Use compound sentences to clarify relationships • to join ideas of equal importance • Several researchers have proven garlic is good for the heart; consequently, many people with heart disease use garlic in their meals. • to explain how ideas are related • and – additional information • but, yet – contrast or opposites • No one wants to pay more taxes, yet taxes are necessary to support vital public services. • for, so – causes or effects • or, nor – choices or options

10. Complex Sentence • A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. • When the Fourth of Julyarrives, Iwill celebrate along with everybody else. • Our band, whichwon the trophy, will perform after the gameis over.

11. Complex Sentence When the dependent clause appears first, it is followed by a comma When the independent clause comes first, a comma is not used

12. Subordinate Conjunctions • Subordinate conjunctions can link independent and dependent clauses to form a complex sentence. • Although she could not read music, she played the piano beautifully.

13. Subordinate Conjunctions After Although As As far as As if As long as As much as As soon as As though Because Before Even if Even though How If Inasmuch as In order that Just as Lest now that Once Provided Provided that Since So that Than That Though Till Unless Until What Whatever When Whenever Where Wherever Whereas Whereby Whether Which While Who Whom

14. Writing • Use complex sentences to show subordinate relationships • To show that one or more ideas are less important than (or subordinate to) another idea • Circumstance - as, as far as, as soon as, as if, as though, even though, even if, in order to • Causes or effects – because, since, so that • Time – before, after, while, until, when • Condition – whether, if, unless, even if

15. Compound-Complex Sentence • A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. • Iran down the path to the spot where it divides, and then Iturned back.

16. Writing Use compound-complex sentences occasionally to express complicated relationships Use them sparingly; when overused, they tend to make your writing sound wordy and labored

17. Writing– Sentence Structure • Sentences should: • Be clear and concise • Be varied • Contain elements and parts that are parallel * • Contain strong, active verbs * * These concepts will be introduced in future lessons

18. Writing Sentences that are concise convey their meaning in as few words as possible

19. Writing – Concise Sentences • Avoid wordy expressions and/or empty phrases • In the near future, another revolution in computer technology is bound to occur. • Another revolution in computer technology is bound to occur soon. • In light of the fact that computer technology changes every month or so, software upgrades are what everybody has to do. • Since computer technology changes monthly, software upgrades are necessary.

20. Writing– Concise Sentences • Eliminate redundancy • My decision to choose the field of accounting as my major will lead to steady, rewarding employment. • Choosing accounting as my major will lead to steady, rewarding employment. • The type of slang I notice teenagers using is part of the way they establish who they are and what their identity is. • Teenagers use slang to establish their identity.

21. Writing– Concise Sentences • Eliminate unnecessary sentence openings • It is my opinion that fast-food restaurants should post nutritional information for each menu item. • Fast-food restaurants should post nutritional information for each menu item. • Many people would agree that nutritious food and snacks are a priority for health-conscious people. • Selecting nutritious food and snacks is a priority for many health-conscious people.

22. Writing– Concise Sentences • Eliminate unnecessary adverbs • The journalist was very elated when he learned that he had won a Pulitzer Prize. • The journalist was elated when he learned that he had won a Pulitzer Prize. • The college president was quite disturbed by the findings of the Presidential Panel on Sex Equity. • The college president was disturbed by the findings of the Presidential Panel on Sex Equity.

23. Writing– Concise Sentences • Eliminate unnecessary phrases or clauses • The complaints of students in the college encouraged the dean to create additional parking spaces for cars. • The students’ complaints encouraged the dean to create additional parking areas. • The teenagers who were mall walkers disagreed with the editorial in the newspaper that supported the shopping mall regulations. • The teenage mall walkers disagreed with the newspaper editorial supporting shopping mall regulations.

24. Writing – Sentence Variety Short sentences tend to be sharp and emphatic; they move ideas forward quickly, creating a fast pace Longer sentences, in contrast, move the reader more slowly through the essay

25. Writing – Sentence Variety • Play with the pattern of a typical sentence • Subject-verb • Vary the placement of modifiers in your sentences