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FROM ISOLATION TO EMPIRE

FROM ISOLATION TO EMPIRE. CHAPTER 22 (586-609). ISOLATION OR IMPERIALISM?. Since its beginning America had been relatively free from the issues facing Europe and largely stayed out of their business After the Civil War it was even more so: Americans had faith in their type of civilization

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FROM ISOLATION TO EMPIRE

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  1. FROM ISOLATION TO EMPIRE CHAPTER 22 (586-609)

  2. ISOLATION OR IMPERIALISM? Since its beginning America had been relatively free from the issues facing Europe and largely stayed out of their business After the Civil War it was even more so: Americans had faith in their type of civilization Americans were still upset over the Revolution, War of 1812, and Britain’s participation in the Civil War Americans knew that they were nearly invulnerable to attacks from Europe At the same time, their economic interests in South America and East Asia were growing

  3. ORIGINS OF THE LARGE POLICY: COVETING COLONIES 1866 – the US forced France out of their Mexican Protectorate by stationing 50,000 troops on the border 1867 – The US purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million – removing another foreign power from North America 1867 – Secretary of State Seward acquired the Midway Islands in the Pacific Attempts were made at annexing Hawaii, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic – all rejected at this point Most of the focus of Americans was westward expansion

  4. ORIGINS OF THE LARGE POLICY: COVETING COLONIES American exports were steadily increasing, from $450 million in 1870 to over $1 billion in 1890 By 1898, America was exporting more manufactured goods than it was importing and it could compete with any other nation in the world – in any market around the world Americans were also slowly becoming believers in “Manifest Destiny” the belief that the American system was superior to other systems, therefore would eventually come to dominate them – a kind of survival of the fittest

  5. ORIGINS OF THE LARGE POLICY: COVETING COLONIES Americans were also sensing the need to keep up with the European powers who were steadily expanding in Africa, South America, and Asia American also had military concerns to consider: Their army was small and their navy smaller Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote The Importance of Sea Power Upon History – urging the upgrade of American ships, the establishment of bases in the Caribbean, Hawaii, and the creation of a canal through Central America Congressman Henry Cabot Lodge and a Young Theodore Roosevelt were greatly influenced by Mahan’s thinking

  6. TOWARD AN EMPIRE IN THE PACIFIC As interests in China and Japan increased, the need for way stations and influence in the Pacific increased Treaty of Wanghia (1844) Americans enjoyed many of the trade benefits that the Europeans had in China – they also sent many missionaries Japanese commercial treaty (1859)

  7. TOWARD AN EMPIRE IN THE PACIFIC Hawaii was an important way station and over time Americans began having a big influence and produced much sugar 1875 reciprocity treaty – Hawaiian sugar could enter the US duty free if the Hawaiians would not give any territory to foreign powers 1887 – America obtained the right to establish a naval base at Pearl Harbor – they also finally occupied Midway and parts of Samoa Queen Liliuokalani came to power and sought to rule as a monarch but the Americans staged a coup with the help of some marines, and took over – Cleveland was unable to do anything about it – in July 1898 Congress officially annexed Hawaii, afraid that some other power would step in

  8. TOWARD AN EMPIRE IN LATIN AMERICA The arguments for expanding in the Pacific were even stronger to Central and South America The Monroe Doctrine – Put forth in 1823 by John Quincy Adams and James Monroe, it stated that any further European interference in the Western hemisphere would be viewed as an act of aggression Venezuela – In a border dispute with Britain, Cleveland took the side of Venezuela, threatening Britain with military intervention – the British all but ignored it, denouncing the Monroe Doctrine – However, soon it became apparent that the US was serious and Britain agreed to arbitration on the border and most was awarded to Britain anyway – this ushered in a new era of cooperation between Britain and the US

  9. THE CUBAN REVOLTION Some Americans had been interested in Cuba since before the Civil War but annexation was never allowed In the 1890’s Spain was trying to exert strong control of the island and many Americans began to sympathize with the “freedom fighters” in Cuba – not to mention American investments there topped $50 million McKinley refused to intervene

  10. THE CUBAN REVOLTION Yellow Journalism – Hearst and Pulitzer were competing heavily for circulation and began printing sensational stories to attract readers – many of these stories were simply lies about Spanish atrocities in Cuba – thus public opinion was swayed on their behalf Finally in 1898, McKinley stationed the battleship Maine in Havana to protect American citizens

  11. THE CUBAN REVOLTION On February 15, 1898, the Maine mysteriously exploded and sank killing 260 of the crew Many accused Spain of deliberately causing it Today most think it was an accident Spanish and rebels continued to fight and soon McKinley was forced to act and he asked Congress for the use of force to end the Cuban conflict

  12. THE “SPLENDID LITTLE” SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR April 20, 1898, Congress recognized the independence of Cuba, authorizing the use of force to drive the Spanish out Teller Amendment – Senator Teller’s amendment disclaiming any intention of adding Cuba to the US Four days later Spain declared war on the United States

  13. THE “SPLENDID LITTLE” SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR The first battles took place not in Cuba, but in the Philippine Islands Asst. Secretary of the Navy Roosevelt had told Commodore George Dewey, stationed in Hong King, to attack Manila in the event of war with Spain – he did without losing a single American life McKinley ordered 11,000 troops and with the help of Emilio Aguinaldo and his rebels they captured Manila

  14. THE “SPLENDID LITTLE” SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR Meanwhile the US won a fairly easy battle in Cuba Roosevelt became a Lt. Colonel of the Rough Riders Most of the soldiers wore heavy winter uniforms, fired black powder rounds from old rifles, but soon overwhelmed the unorganized Spanish The Spanish fleet was wiped out with only 1 American casualty and Spain surrendered – They agreed to leave Cuba and gave Puerto Rico and Guam to the US – the fate of the Philippines would be decided later in Paris

  15. DEVELOPING A COLONIAL POLICY Spain was forced to surrender the Philippines at the peace talks in Paris – but what was America to do with it? The war was easily won at relatively little cost – 5000 troops had died, but only 400 due to combat European powers now recognized the US as a great power McKinley worked under the principle of “holding on to what we can get”

  16. THE ANTI-IMPERIALISTS While many wanted annexation and an American empire, there were many who opposed it – from all walks of life It was argued that since there was no thought to bringing these places into the union as states, that it was unconstitutional and against the spirit of the Declaration

  17. THE ANTI-IMPERIALISTS While McKinley agreed in principle to the anti-imperialist argument, he felt there was no practical alternative – he could not turn it back to Spain and it was felt that the Filipinos were unable at the time to govern themselves Ultimately, the US paid $20 million to Spain for the islands The annexation was ratified in 1899 by a vote of 57-27

  18. THE PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION 1899 – Aguinaldo was furious that the US was not laying down their arms and leaving – he took up arms against the US and started a savage guerilla war The Filipinos engaged in sneak attacks and torture The Americans responded in kind – rumors getting back to the US of rape, torture, arson and murder by US soldiers

  19. THE PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION The war lasted for three years, with about 8000 casualties for the Filipinos and about 5000 for the Americans – 70,000 American soldiers went to the Philippines before the rebellion was crushed Anti-Imperialists continued to argue that it was unconstitutional to take over territories without the consent of the local population – however, Americans had never considered the Indians, French and Spanish settlers, the Eskimos of Alaska or the Hawaiians in similar situations

  20. CUBA AND THE UNITED STATES McKinley quickly set up military governments in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines Congress eventually took over setting up civilian governments (Foraker Act 1900) However, Cuba presented the biggest problem: America’s idealism and self-interest clashed After cleaning up and modernizing, the US turned Cuba over to its people

  21. CUBA AND THE UNITED STATES In 1900, Cubans held a constitutional convention – the US imposed some restrictions: 1. The US had to be authorized to intervene whenever it felt it “necessary for the preservation of Cuban independence” 2. Cuba could not make any treaties with foreign nations that might compromise its independence 3. Provisions had to be made for the establishment of US naval bases on it soil This was called the Platt Amendment and in 1902 the government was turned over to the Cubans This did not foster friendship, especially when the US used the threat of invasion to force the Cuban government into whatever position it desired

  22. THE UNITED STATES IN THE CARIBBEAN AND CENTRAL AMERICA Once the step had been taken to protect Cuba, it was a logical step to supervise the entire region All of these countries were economically underdeveloped, socially backward, politically unstable, and desperately poor – leaders were corrupt and most people little better than slaves – these nations were often cheated by European merchants and in turn often refused to honor their debts and obligations

  23. THE UNITED STATES IN THE CARIBBEAN AND CENTRAL AMERICA Venezuela – refusing to honor some debts, Germany and Britain blockaded - after pressure by America they agreed to arbitrate, European counties beginning to accept the Monroe Doctrine and expect the US to police the area 1903 – Roosevelt took over the Dominican customs service – 55% collected would go to the debt, the rest back to the country The Roosevelt Corollary – an addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating that the US should interfere if there was “chronic wrongdoing” by any Latin American country This caused a great deal of resentment in Latin America – they did not like the US jumping into their business nor the real possibility that the US would become the exploiter

  24. THE OPEN DOOR POLICY 1894-1895 – Japan defeats China in a war over Korea European powers sought to create new spheres of influence in China – however the US could not participate due to political reasons John Hay, Secretary of State, asked the countries to respect trading rights for all countries and not impose discriminatory duties within their spheres of influence – replies were noncommittal but Hay announced them as a success! – this became known as the Open Door Policy

  25. THE OPEN DOOR POLICY This policy called for keeping the Chinese government in place but opening trade equally to all nations Thus, the US had no military bases in the area, but businesses had free reign to develop – none of this was backed by military strength, only the good will of the other countries Roosevelt arbitrates between Japan and Russia in 1905 – Treaty of Portsmouth – Japanese get Russia’s sphere of influence in China and Korea Anti-Japanese sentiment in San Francisco angers the Japanese – the Gentleman’s Agreement (1907) – Japan agrees to not issue passports for laborers seeking to come to America Roosevelt suggested giving independence to the Philippines soon because they were their “heel of Achilles”

  26. THE PANAMA CANAL Expanding interests in Latin America and East Asia made a canal necessary – it simply took too long to travel from east to west by going around South America – economically and militarily Two routes were considered: Across Panama – 50 miles but very rugged Across Nicaragua – 200 miles but they could use several natural waterways

  27. THE PANAMA CANAL 1903 - Agreeing to pay $40 million to the French, the US was willing to pay $10 million to Columbia who controlled Panama – the Columbians would not accept and tried to drive up the price Roosevelt was angry and sent the USS Nashville and 8 other warships to the area instigating a rebellion and carving out a new Panamanian nation – the US got a corridor 10 miles wide to build and maintain the canal – in 1921 the US paid Columbia $25 million Roosevelt’s action bred more resentment and fear among other Latin American nations

  28. THE PANAMA CANAL The first ships passed through the canal in 1914 Still, the US navy lacked adequate bases for total control and the US turned to Dollar Diplomacy – the attempt to control a region with money rather than might Investments in Cuba reached $500 million by 1920, they were also significant in the Dominican Republic and Haiti The United Fruit Company obtained large amounts of land in Central America (banana plantations) Other companies worked Mexico’s rich mineral resources

  29. IMPERIALISM WITHOUT COLONIES Most American colonies (Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Guantanamo, Panama Canal zone) were obtained between 1898 and 1903 Soon, the headaches created changed American policy – the US stopped obtaining colonies Protectionists objected to lowering tariffs The Philippine insurrection Concern that the costs outweighed the benefits Open Door and Dollar Diplomacy seemed to be a better way

  30. IMPERIALISM WITHOUT COLONIES Yet imperialism still grew – not in literal colonies, but in economic influence – the US sought to penetrate these new markets without controlling them This had several effects: Americans were often insensitive to how locals wanted to develop themselves Government and business assumed that these people wanted what they wanted – and tried to give it to them whether they wanted it or not In the long run, Dollar Diplomacy did not stabilize the region – it only made things worse America had become a world power but often acted with little awareness of the implications of its behavior – they were still isolationist in thought but not in action

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