Goddag!

1. Goddag!

2. Euro-American Scientific Relations in the Wake of September 11 Albert H. Teich Director, Science & Policy Programs American Association for the Advancement of Science Oslo, Norway ● 18 May 2005

3. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations ●←AHT 9/11/2001

4. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Near Hofn, Iceland September 11, 2001

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6. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations President Bush speaks to the nation about stem cell research, Crawford, Texas, August 9, 2001. (White House photo)

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10. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations New Legislation and Policy Initiatives • USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 • Enhanced Border Security & Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 • SEVIS, US-VISIT • Expansion of Visa-Mantis • Public Health Security & Bioterrorism Preparedness Act of 2002 • Homeland Security Act of 2002

11. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 • “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism” • Passed 45 days after 9/11 – little debate • Primarily an expansion of law enforcement powers • Many civil liberties implications • Used mainly in criminal cases so far

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13. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Visa Mantis Program • Consular officer must request special review of applicants seeking to study fields on “Technology Alert List” • Intended to prevent transfer of sensitive technology • Large increase in number of visa mantis reviews (1,000 in year 2000 to 14,000 in 2002) caused backlog, lengthy delays • Situation has improved in past year

14. Average Time to Clear Visa Mantis Cases Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations

15. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Visa Mantis Cases Cleared Within Given Time Frames(As of 3 January 2005)

16. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Visas Mantis Clearances Extended (Feb. 05) • International students (F visas) can receive a Visas Mantis clearance valid for up to the length of the approved academic program, to a maximum of four years. • Exchange visitors (J visas) can receive a Visas Mantis clearance valid for the duration of their approved activity to a maximum of two years. • Follows recommendation in AAAS-AAU-NAS statement of May 12, 2004 (endorsed by 22 other societies)

17. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Joint Visa Statement • Developed by 25 scientific, engineering , and education societies • Represented 95% of research community • Spoke with a single voice (!) • Urged federal government to adopt 6 “practical recommendations” for improving visa situation • Much press coverage (NY Times editorial)

18. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations New Joint Visa Statement • Issued this week • Applauds achievements of past year • Cites continuing problems (and new ones) and makes several recommendations: • Extend validity of visiting scientists’ visas • Visa renewal in the U.S. • Address issue of visa denials because of failure to demonstrate intent to return home • Don’t require export licenses for basic research

19. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Deemed Exports • Applies to “dual use” technologies • Applies to information as well physical objects • Until now has not applied to basic research • New regulations proposed by Commerce Department would change that • Would discriminate against foreign students and visitors; would be a bureaucratic nightmare

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22. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Homeland Security R&D • Total federal spending on homeland security in 2006 = $50 Bil ($4.4 Bil = R&D) • About 3% of overall federal R&D • Greatest part of HS R&D outside DHS • Dramatic increases of recent years leveling off in 2006 • Biodefense (NIH) = top priority; also increases for EPA, Agriculture (food safety), DOD (chem-bio defense)

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27. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations For a very detailed look at DHS priorities: http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/present.htm Scroll to March 1, 2005 Presentation of Dr. Parney Albright

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30. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Biodefense Issues at NIH • Research under control of DHS • Resistance from life scientists • “NIH peer-review process, and the research sector responsible for these achievements, are threatened by unintended consequences of the 2001-02 decision by the NIH National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to prioritize research of high biodefense, but low public-health significance” – Letter in Science, 28 Feb. 05; > 750 signers • Application of US biosafety & security standards to foreign collaborators

31. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations What do these developments mean for scientific relations between the U.S. and Europe?

32. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Two distinct aspects

33. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations On one hand . . . • Security issues are by nature international • Science and technology are central to them • The nations of Europe are traditionally America’s closest allies with the closest cultural & scientific ties • Many existing areas of collaboration provide basis for more

34. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Relationships must continue to get stronger, information sharing must become even more transparent and swifter . . . and the latest scientific and most advanced technologies must continue to be sought out, utilized, and shared . . . science and technology know no bounds and the more we can strengthen the sharing of ideas and best practices, the better off the international community will be. --Former Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge, January 12, 2005

35. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations On the other hand . . . . • More visa delays and denials • New border controls • USA PATRIOT Act • Restrictive clauses in government contracts • Deemed export rules • Treatment according to country of birth

36. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Focus on positive aspects • New opportunities for collaboration in homeland security R&D • Growing awareness among science agencies, institutions of importance of international collaboration • Government policies ≠ scientists’ attitudes

37. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Looking for opportunities to collaborate. . . .

38. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Modes of Collaboration • Formal bilateral agreements • Participation in multilateral organizations • Institution to institution • Individual scientist to scientist • Generally most effective • Often stimulated by study abroad • Funding essential • Consistent with Norway’s Strategy

39. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations New Opportunities in Homeland Security R&D • Industry an important player • Emphasis on immediate security needs • “Big” threats – chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological • Rapid prototyping • Government labs (esp. DOE) • University programs ($64M in FY 2006) • Fellowships • University Centers

40. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations University Centers of Excellence • Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (USC + partners) • National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense (Texas A&M +) • Center for Food Protection and Defense (Minnesota +) • Center of Excellence for Behavioral and Social Research on Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism (Maryland +) • Center of Excellence in High Consequence Event Preparedness and Response (in review) • Three more planned ($12-15M/yr – 3 yrs)

41. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Trends in International Collaboration • International co-authorship growing among US scientists • 1988 – 10% • 2001 – 23% • Highest in physics (nearly 40%) • Also: earth/space sciences, mathematics • Lowest in social/behavioral sciences (10%) • Driven by necessity (cost & complexity), technology, education, policy

42. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Extent of International Collaboration in U.S. S&E Articles, 1988-2001 -- NSF, S&E Indicators, 2004.

43. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations -- NSF, S&E Indicators, 2004.

44. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations -- NSF, S&E Indicators, 2004.

45. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations U.S. Scientists Don’t Necessarily Share Administration Views on Many Issues • Majority of U.S. scientists tend toward the left (not true of all fields, however) • Many scientists aligned with Kerry in 2004 election; relatively few with Bush • Science community at odds with administration over many issues: • Stem cells • Global climate change • Budget, priorities • Even evolution

46. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations So which way will things go?

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48. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Bottom Line? • International scientific collaboration is increasing – science is globalizing • U.S. security policies may make collaboration more difficult in some ways • But there are also new opportunities • No way to turn back the clock! • Up to us, the scientific community, to make collaboration work in the post 9-11 world

49. Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations Takk!