Using Citations giving credence to your paper!

1. Using Citationsgiving credence to your paper! Yes, you can copy some things into your paper, but you must give credit to your source!!!

2. When to use citations • When information is not commonly known • For an obscure fact, that your reader might question • Example: African Americans constituted 10% of the entire Union Army by the end of the war, and nearly 40,000 died over the course of the war. (Civil War Trust) • In this case no quotes are needed.

3. When to use citations • When the author has said it so perfectly, that you can not find a way to change it • Example. “‘If this man should fall, who will lift the flag and carry it on?’ After the briefest of pauses, Shaw stepped forward, and taking a cigar from between his teeth responded, ‘I will.’” (Pohanka, “Fort Wagner and the Massachusetts 54th”)

4. When to use citations • When using a direct quote from a source, a true quote that you only know of because of your source. • Example: (use quotations and indent of entire section for a long quote.) A letter from a member of the 54th wrote home to his family with thoughts of how African Americans need to be able to behave to gain status in the United States. “Let us look a little to the majority of our race. Do they use every means to elevate themselves? Do they sacrifice carnal enjoyments to procure wealth, in order to engage in respectable business, to concentrate their capital and associate in companies to give employment to the accomplished colored book-keeper or salesman, and command respect from other nations? All this has a tendency to elevate our race, and the more wealth we possess the more we shall be respected in commercial society. All this must be accomplished before we can fully realize equality; let each patronize the other in business, and give aid and good counsel, and use our influence to start young men in business. When these things are practised, among us then we will command the respect of the Anglo-Saxon race.” (Fasulo, “Battle of Olustee”)

5. Changing a long quote to a shorter one A letter from a member of the 54th wrote home to his family with thoughts of how African Americans need to be able to behave to gain status in the United States. “Let us look a little to the majority of our race. Do they use every means to elevate themselves? Do they sacrifice …to procure wealth, in order to engage in respectable business, to concentrate their capital and associate in companies to give employment to the accomplished colored book-keeper or salesman, …? … All this must be accomplished before we can fully realize equality; let each …use our influence to start young men in business. When these things are practised, among us then we will command the respect of the Anglo-Saxon race.” (Fasulo, “Battle of Olustee”)

6. Using only part of a quote • Original quote from the Book The Black Phalanx: "The Phalanx did not, however, quit the field in a panic-stricken manner but fell hastily back to the battery, only to find two of the guns silent and their brave workers and horses nearly all of them dead upon the field. With a courage undaunted, surpassed by no veteran troops on any battle- field, the Phalanx attempted to save the silent guns.” • Partial quote: The 54th demonstrated their bravery and effectiveness at the battle of Olustee. They did not “quit the field in a panic-stricken manner but fell hastily back to the battery” and worked to get the artillery operating again as any other veteran troop would. (Fasulo, “Battle of Olustee”)

7. Make sure you document your sources • Keep a running list of sources that you access • It must be turned into a Works Cited page at the back of your paper • A works cited page shows that you are doing research and not making things up!!!

8. Topic sentences • Try to make it clear to your reader what each paragraph will be about. • Make sure the paragraph matches what is in the topic sentence. • Remember you are teaching your reader about your topic

9. Works Cited • Electronic Source: Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available). Medium of publication. Date of access. Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003. Web. 10 May 2006.

10. Works Cited • Books • Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication. • One author: • Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print. • Two authors: • Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000. Print.

11. Works cited page is alphabetized. Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003. Web. 10 May 2006. Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000. Print. Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print.