Nanoparticles

1. Nanoparticles Scientistmel.com Twitter.com/scientistmel Patreon.com/scientistmel 12/08/2018

2. Nano Particles • Types of NP • Uses for NP • Current Research

3. NP • Nanoparticles involve teeny structures of different materials. Nanoparticles can exhibit different behaviors and properties based on their size, shape, and material. They have been useful for progress in medical science, computer technology, and progress in electrical conductivity on the atomic scale.

4. Nano Particles

5. NP • Carbon Based Materials • These nanomaterials are composed mostly of carbon, most commonly taking the form of a hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes. Spherical and ellipsoidal carbon nanomaterials are referred to as fullerenes, while cylindrical ones are called nanotubes. These particles have many potential applications, including improved films and coatings, stronger and lighter materials, and applications in electronics. • Metal Based Materials • Related Stories • Nanotechnology Whitepaper Summary From The US EPA Looking at Environmental Benefits, Challenges and Recommendations For The Future • These nanomaterials include quantum dots, nanogold, nanosilver and metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide. A quantum dot is a closely packed semiconductor crystal comprised of hundreds or thousands of atoms, and whose size is on the order of a few nanometers to a few hundred nanometers. Changing the size of quantum dots changes their optical properties.

6. NP • Dendrimers • These nanomaterials are nanosized polymers built from branched units. The surface of a dendrimer has numerous chain ends, which can be tailored to perform specific chemical functions. This property could also be useful for catalysis. Also, because three-dimensional dendrimers contain interior cavities into which other molecules could be placed, they may be useful for drug delivery. • Composites • Composites combine nanoparticles with other nanoparticles or with larger, bulk-type materials. Nanoparticles, such as nanosized clays, are already being added to products ranging from auto parts to packaging materials, to enhance mechanical, thermal, barrier, and flame-retardant properties. • Unique Properties • The unique properties of these various types of intentionally produced nanomaterials give them novel electrical, catalytic, magnetic, mechanical, thermal, or imaging features that are highly desirable for applications in commercial, medical, military, and environmental sectors. These materials may also find their way into more complex nanostructures and systems. As new uses for materials with these special properties are identified, the number of products containing such nanomaterials and their possible applications continues to grow.

7. Nanoparticles • Types: Image via aranaca

8. NP • It all started with Richard Feyman in 1959, “There is plenty of room at the bottom” Nanomaterials are intermediate between macroscopic solid and of atomic and molecular systems. • Nanomaterials have certain properties which make them different from that of the bulk materials, including large fraction of surface atoms, high surface energy, spatial confinement, and reduced imperfections. • Quantum confinement effect allows the ability to tune nanoparticles to absorb and emit different wavelengths.

9. NP • The quantum confinement effect is observed when the size of the particle is too small to be comparable to the wavelength of the electron. To understand this effect we break the words like quantum and confinement, the word confinement means to confine the motion of randomly moving electron to restrict its motion in specific energy levels( discreteness) and quantum reflects the atomic realm of particles.So as the size of a particle decrease till we a reach a nano scale the decrease in confining dimension makes the energy levels discrete and this increases or widens up the band gap and ultimately the band gap energy also increases.

10. Nanoparticles

11. Keto • Why is this important? It allows specific, repeatable, and custom ways exclusive to a singular purpose for scientists to detect nanoparticles…ie, one wavelength means the particles are present. These particles can then be used as a beacon to detec other harder to find things…like certain types of cancer, cells, exosomes, proteins, and any other thing that can interact with them. • It is especially important in medical science for drug delivery and detection of hard to find things…other tiny things not detected with current methods.

12. Nanoparticles

13. Keto • Different types of nanoparticles • Nanoparticles can be classified into different types according to the size, morphology, physical and chemical properties. Some of them are carbon-based nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and lipid-based nanoparticles. • Carbon-Based Nanoparticles • Carbon-based nanoparticles include two main materials: carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes. CNTs are nothing but graphene sheets rolled into a tube. These materials are mainly used for the structural reinforcement as they are 100 times stronger than steel. • CNTs can be classified into single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). CNTs are unique in a way as they are thermally conductive along the length and non-conductive across the tube. • Fullerenes are the allotropes of carbon having a structure of hollow cage of sixty or more carbon atoms. The structure of C-60 is called Buckminsterfullerene, and looks like a hollow football. The carbon units in these structures have a pentagonal and hexagonal arrangement. These have commercial applications due to their electrical conductivity, structure, high strength, and electron affinity. • Ceramic Nanoparticles • growth as the other two technological field witnessed earlier.

14. Keto • Ceramic nanoparticles are inorganic solids made up of oxides, carbides, carbonates and phosphates. These nanoparticles have high heat resistance and chemical inertness. They have applications in photocatalysis, photodegradation of dyes, drug delivery, and imaging. • By controlling some of the characteristics of  ceramic nanoparticles like size, surface area, porosity, surface to volume ratio, etc, they perform as a good drug delivery agent. These nanoparticles have been used effectively as a drug delivery system for a number of diseases like bacterial infections, glaucoma, cancer, etc. • Metal Nanoparticles • Metal nanoparticles are prepared from metal precursors. These nanoparticles can be synthesized by chemical, electrochemical, or photochemical methods. In chemical methods, the metal nanoparticles are obtained by reducing the metal-ion precursors in solution by chemical reducing agents. These have the ability to adsorb small molecules and have high surface energy. • Related Stories • These nanoparticles have applications in research areas, detection and imaging of biomolecules and in environmental and bioanalytical applications. For example gold nanoparticles are used to coat the sample before analyzing in SEM. This is usually done to enhance the electronic stream, which helps us to get high quality SEM images.

15. Keto • Semiconductor Nanoparticles • Semiconductor nanoparticles have properties like those of metals and non-metals. They are found in the periodic table in groups  II-VI, III-V or IV-VI. These particles have wide bandgaps, which on tuning shows different properties. They are used in photocatalysis, electronics devices, photo-optics and water splitting applications. • Some  examples of semiconductor nanoparticles are GaN, GaP, InP, InAs from group III-V, ZnO, ZnS, CdS, CdSe, CdTe are II-VI semiconductors and silicon and germanium are from group IV. • Polymeric Nanoparticles • Polymeric nanoparticles are organic based nanoparticles. Depending upon the method of preparation, these have structures shaped like nanocapsular or nanospheres. A nanosphere particle has a matrix-like structure whereas the nanocapsular particle has core-shell morphology. In the former, the active compounds and the polymer are uniformly dispersed whereas in the latter the active compounds are confined and surrounded by a polymer shell. • Some of the merits of polymeric nanoparticles are controlled release, protection of drug molecules, ability to combine therapy and imaging, specific targeting and many more. They have applications in drug delivery and diagnostics. The drug deliveries with polymeric nanoparticles are highly biodegradable and biocompatible. • Lipid-Based Nanoparticles • Lipid nanoparticles are generally spherical in shape with a diameter ranging from 10 to 100nm. It consists of a solid core made of lipid and a matrix containing soluble lipophilic molecules. The external core of these nanoparticles is stabilized by surfactants and emulsifiers. These nanoparticles have application in the biomedical field as a drug carrier and delivery and RNA release in cancer therapy. • Thus, the field of nanotechnology is far from being saturated and it is, as the statistic says, sitting on the staircase of an exponential growth pattern. It is basically at the same stage as the information technology was in the 1960s and biotechnology in the year of 1980s. Thus it can easily be predicted that this field would witness a same exponential

16. Synthesis • Metal NP’s easily synthesized

17. Keto • The formation of silver nanoparticles can be observed by a change in color since small nanoparticles of silver are yellow. A layer of absorbed borohydride anions on the surface of the nanoparticles keep the nanoparticles separated. When sodium cholride (NaCl) is added the nanoparticles aggregate and the suspension turns cloudy gray. The addition of a small amount of polyvinyl pyrrolidone will prevent aggregation.

18. Keto • Nanoparticles have such a vast spectrum of uses that discussing them all here would take hours and hours…my background is in gold nanoparticles…so I will take a moment to discuss my research I have performed…you can find more info at azonano.com for the latest news and research in all things nano! • Talk about your research.

19. Nano Particles • Types of NP • Uses for NP • Current Research

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22. SOURCES • AZONano.com • https://www.aranca.com/knowledge-library/infographics/ip-research/types-of-prevalent-nanoparticles • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865110/

23. Keto/Nutrition Scientistmel.com Twitter.com/scientistmel Patreon.com/scientistmel 11/10/2018