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International Organizations and globalization

International Organizations and globalization. Governmental Members: states Statute: international agreement Permanent organs Common goals of members. Non Governmental (NGO) Members: natural or legal persons Statute: private law agreement Permanent organs Common goals of members.

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International Organizations and globalization

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  1. International Organizationsand globalization

  2. Governmental Members: states Statute: international agreement Permanent organs Common goals of members Non Governmental (NGO) Members: natural or legal persons Statute: private law agreement Permanent organs Common goals of members International organizations

  3. Global aimed to cover all of the states Example: United Nations World Trade Organization Local aimed to cover some states Example: regional: Council of Europe functional: NATO International organizations

  4. Governmental organization - definition • Form of international cooperation • Permanent character • Based on multilateral international agreement • Permanent members: states and sometimes international organizations (European Community is a member of WTO) • Permanent organs withspecific competences • Established to achieve common goals

  5. Governmental organization • Created by states and based on the states’ decisions • Member states decide on legal personality of the organization (in the statute) • If legal personality is granted, organization becomes a legal person in international law

  6. Atributes of international organization as a legal person • ius tractatuum – right to conclude international agreements • ius legationis – right to diplomatic relations: to send and receive diplomatic missions • ius standi – right to international claims and international responsibility

  7. Governmental organizations in globalization Two major points of view: • Organizations take over the role of the states and become most important actors on international (global) scene • Organizations support the states and must adjust to new situation (globalization)

  8. Increasing role of governmental organizations • more international relations in globalization era • states need more forms of international cooperation • international organizations, especially those with common membership, such as UN can help managing the challenges of globalization, if they are prepared for that

  9. United Nations • Established in San Francisco in 1945 by 50 states

  10. United Nations • Based on the United Nations Charter („constitution” of international law)

  11. UNITED NATIONS • Headquarters in New York

  12. United Nations • Is a legal person in international relations • Common membership: today 192 members Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace-loving states which accept the obligations of the Charter and, in the judgement of the Organization, are willing and able to carry out these obligations.(art. 4 of the UN Charter)

  13. Goals of the United Nations: • to maintain international peace and security; • to develop friendly relations among nations; • to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; • to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends (art. 1 of the UN Charter)

  14. Two main bodies of the UN General Assembly Security Council

  15. General Assembly • a "parliament of nations" • representation of all the members • each Member State has one vote • voting by 2/3 majority in important matters (peace and security, budget) • annual regular session from September to December

  16. Security Council • 15 Council members: • China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States — permanent members • other 10 are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms • primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security • meets at any time, whenever peace is threatened • all Member States are obligated to carry out the Council's decisions.

  17. UN in globalization – reform discussion „ If the UN is to be a useful instrument for its Member States and for the world’s peoples… it must be fully adapted to the needs and cuircumstances of the 21st century” „In Larger Freedom” Kofi Annan 2005 Secretary – Ban Ki Mun

  18. Main failures of the United Nations: • War in Iraq (intervention in contrary to the Security Council vote) • Tutsi – Hutu conflict in Rwanda (UN didn’t take sufficient actions to prevent the humanitarian disaster) • „Oil for Food” program (corruption in the UN structures) • War against terrorism – (major role played by the US not UN)

  19. UN REFORM The pace of today's globalized world means that change is a constant, and this is no different for the United Nations. The demands by Member States of the UN and its Secretariat, agencies, funds and programmes have grown enormously. The UN is expected to deliver more services in more places than ever before to the world's people who are most in need.

  20. UN REFORM 1996: Secretary-General-designate Kofi Annan outlines goals for term: to make the United Nations leaner, more efficient and more effective, more responsive to the wishes and needs of its Members and more realistic in its goals and commitments.

  21. UN REFORM 1997: The Secretary-General issues his report on "Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform„ 2000: The "Road map towards the implementation of the UN Millennium Declaration" is issued. 2004: The Peacebuilding Commission established 2005: „In Larger Freedom Report” Ethics Office established Human Rights Council established 2006: United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy adpoted

  22. UN REFORM - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS • Counter-terrorism strategy - a unique global instrument that will enhance national, regional and international efforts to counter terrorism. • Peacebuilding Commission - established “to marshal resources at the disposal of the international community to advise and propose integrated strategies for post-conflict recovery, focusing attention on reconstruction, institution-building and sustainable development, in countries emerging from conflict.”

  23. UN REFORM - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS • Human Rights Council - designed to allow for a more rigorous implementation and monitoring of human rights, replacing the Human Rights Commission. • Ethics Office Ethics Office - responsible for managing and overseeing the new Whistleblower protection and revised financial disclosure policies, as well as the development of Ethics training programmes for staff.

  24. UN REFORM - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Discussion about the UN reform continues. Latest proposals include organizational issues: • more countries represented in Security Council • strengthening of the UN bodies including Secretariat

  25. Non – Governmental Organizations • Very active in globalization movement • Play important role in globalization discussions • Support international conferences • Serve as experts to United Nations work • „consultative status” by United Nations

  26. NGOs in globalization • Human Rights NGOs: • Amnesty International • International Red Cross • Human Rights Watch • Anti-globalization / Alter -globalization NGOs: • International Forum on Globalization • Corporate Watch • Friends of the Earth

  27. „the debate on the nature of the global institution is and always will be ideological, because it is part of a larger debate on the future of the global society” Maurice Bertrand 1995 EJIL

  28. Important vocabulary Governmental organization Non-governmental organization Common goals Membership Diplomatic relations International responsibility United Nations Charter Security Council General Assembly Peace and security

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