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Module 11

Module 11. Types of Memory. INTRODUCTION. Definitions Memory ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving Encoding refers to making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories. INTRODUCTION.

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Module 11

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  1. Module 11 Types of Memory

  2. INTRODUCTION • Definitions • Memory • ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving • Encoding • refers to making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories

  3. INTRODUCTION • Definitions • Storing • process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall • Retrieving • process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into short-term or long-term storage

  4. THREE TYPES OF MEMORY • Sensory memory • refers to an initial process that receives and holds environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from and instant to several seconds • Short-term memory • also called working-memory, refers to another process that can hold only a limited amount of information, an average of seven items - 2 to 30 seconds • Long-term memory • refers to the process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time

  5. THREE TYPES OF MEMORY (CONT.) • Memory processes • sensory memory • do not pay attention, information is forgotten • pay attention, information is automatically transferred into short-term memory • short-term memory • do not pay attention • information is not encoded and is forgotten • long-term memory • encoded information will remain on a relatively permanent basis

  6. p240 THREE TYPES MEMORY

  7. SENSORY MEMORY: RECORDING • Iconic memory • form of sensory memory that automatically holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears • Echoic memory • form of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 to 2 seconds

  8. SENSORY MEMORY: RECORDING (CONT.) • Functions of sensory memory • prevents being overwhelmed • gives decision time • provides stability, playback, and recognition

  9. SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING • Definition • refers to a process that can hold a limited amount of information-an average of seven items-for a limited period of time –2 to 30 seconds • Two features • limited duration • maintenance rehearsal • refers to the practice of intentionally repeating or rehearsing information so that it remains longer in short-term memory

  10. SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING (CONT.) • Two features • limited capacity • Interference • results when new information enters short-term memory and overwrites or pushes out information that is already there • Chunking • combining separate items of information into a larger unit, or chunk, and then remembering chunks of information rather than individual items

  11. SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING (CONT.) • Functions of short-tem memory • Attending • selectively attend to information that is relevant and disregard everything else • Rehearsing • allows you to hold information for a short period of time until you decide what to do with it • Storing • helps to store or encode information in long-term memory

  12. LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING • Putting information into long-term memory • Long-term memory • refers to the process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time with the potential of retrieving, or remembering, such information in the future • Encoding • process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory by paying attention to it, repeating or rehearsing it, or forming new associations • Retrieving • process of selecting information from long-term memory and transferring it back into short-term memory

  13. LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.) • Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative • Declarative memory • involves memories for facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or daily events • Semantic memory • type of declarative memory and that involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, and language rules

  14. LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.) • Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative • Episodic memory • type of declarative memory and that involves knowledge of specific events, personal experiences (episodes), or activities, such as naming or describing favorite restaurants, or hobbies

  15. LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.) • Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative • Procedural or nondeclarative memory • involves memories for motor skills (playing tennis), some cognitive behaviors learned through classical conditioning

  16. ENCODING: TRANSFERING • Two kinds of encoding • Automatic encoding • transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory without any effort and usually without any awareness • personal events • interesting facts • skills and habits

  17. ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.) • Two kinds of encoding • Effortful encoding • involves the transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory either by working hard to repeat or rehearse the information or, especially, by making associations between new and old information

  18. ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.) • Rehearsing and encoding • Maintenance rehearsal • refers to simply repeating or rehearsing the information rather than forming any new associations • Elaborative rehearsal • involves using effort to actively make meaningful associations between new information that you wish to remember and old or familiar information that is already stored in long-term memory

  19. ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.) • Levels of processing • theory says that remembering depends on how information is encoded • shallow processing: poor recall • deeper and deepest processing: encode by making new association

  20. REPRESSED MEMORIES • Definition of repressed memory • the process by which the mind pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious mind • Implanting false memories • studies on implanting false memories simply show that a false suggestion can grow into a vivid, detailed, and believable personal memory

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