It arrives quickly, nipping at the heels of the joyous promise of the Christmas season.

1. Most Holy an Triune God, wonderful Father, generous Son, inspiring Holy Spirit, renew our minds and hearts as we approach the completion of our chapel-a beautiful house of prayer to your honor and glory and the memory of Your Blessed Mother and the communion of saints. As we, your Antonian family, come together in prayer partnership as parents, students, teachers, and alumni to gather in this sacred place, may we receive your sprit of wisdom and love in the building of a truly Christ like community Give us generous hearts, open minds, genuine unity and renewed vision as we look to the continued blessing of the Chapel. For your celebration and worship so that whenever we enter the doors we may always know that we are touching Holy ground, where we are welcomed, nourished, and empowered to be Christ for others. Amen

2. It arrives quickly, nipping at the heels of the joyous promise of the Christmas season. It arrives so very quickly that it nearly comes as a shock.   A painful reminder that in our joy we have strayed. A startling reminder that our lives, too, will pass quickly. So quickly that when the number of days He has granted us have been  expended, perhaps that, too, will come as a shock. Lent. A time to turn to God. To repent. To prepare. Lent. Don't waste it.

3. Announcements

4. Decline of Scholastic Philosophy and Theology and the Rise of Heresy Chapter 11: Part V

5. William of Ockham • God must be the only direct reason why things are true and false • The human mind can only know individual, sensible objects (nominalism) • Moral and religious truths are inaccessible through human reason, can only be known through revelation • God determines actions to be good or bad/morally right or wrong

6. William of Ockham • Religion is a mystery of faith with no room for philosophical discourse. • Critic of Church authority • Advocated the supreme authority of the state over the Church. • Church only worked with the matters of the faith; the state, on the other hand, works with the empirical and sure facts.

7. John Wycliffe • “The Morning Star of the Reformation” • Critic of temporal practices/material possessions of the Church. • Church should rid itself of all political power and practice strict poverty • No clergy, monks, or pope could hold possessions without sin. • Lawful for the kings to seize Church lands.

8. John Wycliffe • Attacked the authority of the pope • Advocated that religious knowledge was derived from the Bible Only, and not from Tradition • Promoted predestination • Church does not need the clergy or the sacraments

9. Jan Hus • Attacked the abuse of the clergy/the authority of the Church. • Proclaimed the supremacy of private judgment • Advocated the free interpretation of the Bible. • Denied the authority of tradition • Attacked the veneration of the relics • Rejected the existence of purgatory •  Advocated Communion under both species, but denied Transubstantiation • Faith alone, apart from good works, is the means of salvation

10. Jan Hus • Excommunicated, • Pleaded his case before the council of Constance • The council encouraged him to admit his guilt and recant. • Hun refused and was burned at the stake

11. Chapter 13 The Reformation Protestant and Catholic

12. The Protestant Revolt Part I

14. Why reform?! Priests, bishops, popes, and monks: • Collected money for themselves • Failed to keep their promises of celibacy • Lacked a high level of learning/education

15. Why were Indulgences Sold? • Greed among the clergy • Lack of education among the people • Lack of education among the clergy

16. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • Grew up in extreme simplicity • Beaten by both parents • Attended Latin School: Ten Commandments/Child’s Belief/Lord’s Prayer • Monastery…driven there or conversion?

17. Martin Luther • Rose quite quickly through the ranks of the monastery, • Was very unhappy • Scrupulous • God is a righteous lawgiver and administrator of Justice • Angry that God would pass harsh sentences on the weak • Tempted with evil thoughts, hatred of God… • Imagined God would most likely withhold forgiveness and salvation from him

18. The Christian Citizen of Heaven Therefore we are no longer citizens of earth. The baptized Christian is born a citizen of heaven through baptism. We should be mindful of this fact and walk here as if native there. We are to console ourselves with the fact that God thus accepts us and will transplant us there. Meantime we must await the coming again of the Savior, who is to bring from heaven to us eternal righteousness, life, honor and glory

19. Luther’s Objection to the Church • Developed from his own personal struggles than from ecclesiastical affairs • Inspired by William of Ockham • Outraged that indulgences earned during the Sacrament of Penance could reduce temporal punishment of sin

20. The Ninety-Five Theses • Posted in Wittenberg • Did not just spring up overnight • Reaction to Archbishop of Magdeburg

21. Events Leading to Luther’s Theses • Archbishop of Magdeburg wanted an appointment to the archiepiscopal see of Mainz • Could not afford this “bill” • Borrowed the money from a local wealthy family • The Archbishop asked to aide in the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica • Sent Tetzel to go and preach the selling of a special papal indulgence

22. Events Leading to Luther’s Theses • Tetzel was given a handbook on how to preach/sell the indulgences • A copy was brought to the University that Luther was at • Luther was outraged

23. Duke Frederick of Saxony • Placed relics on display for the veneration of the faithful • Upset that pilgrims would bypass his city to go and earn a papal indulgence • Would later protect Luther

24. Oct 31 1517: Wittenberg • Luther posted his theses on a university door • Printing press led to its widespread distribution

25. Luther’s 95 Theses • 1. When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ said, "Repent" (Mt 4:17), he willed the entire life of believers to be one of repentance. • 2. This word cannot be understood as referring to the sacrament of penance, that is, confession and satisfaction, as administered by the clergy. • 3. Yet it does not mean solely inner repentance; such inner repentance is worthless unless it produces various outward mortification of the flesh. • 4. The penalty of sin remains as long as the hatred of self (that is, true inner repentance), namely till our entrance into the kingdom of heaven. • 5. The pope neither desires nor is able to remit any penalties except those imposed by his own authority or that of the canons.

26. Luther’s Theses Not Heretical… • Undermined the authority of the Church • Luther Criticized: -The use of indulgences for distracting sinners from true repentance -Indulgences imply the forgiveness of sin through human as opposed to Divine authority -The validity of indulgences

27. From Debate to Dissension • Posting a thesis on a “wall” was not uncommon • Theses were invitations for debate • Luther’s theses went unchallenged ….at first

28. On to Rome… • Luther’s theses was sent to Rome by the Archbishop of Mainz

29. The Church Objected To… • Luther’s attack on the notion of merit • Luther’s questioning of the Church’s infallibility

30. Luther Invited to Debate • Met with the highest esteemed Catholic Theologians • Thought the debate would be a simple matter • Wanted to state a call to reform • Johann Eck pressed Luther into giving details about his theology

31. Johann Eck • Attacked predestination • First to champion Catholic teaching against “Protestant Error” • Issued reply to Luther (for Bishop) • Exposed Luther’s heresy

32. Luther's True Philosophy Revealed • Dismissed the papal supremacy • Dismissed the authority of the councils • Committed to the ideas of the justification of faith alone and the limitations of free will

33. The Debate’s Conclusion • Luther transformed from being a hero standing up to the Church’s corruption to a heretic • Pope Leo X issued a bull, giving Luther two months to recant or face excommunication • Luther burned the bull in public along with the canon code of law • Actions were symbolic… the pope should have been burned instead

34. Luther’s “Battle Cry” “Here I Stand… I Can Do No Other… May God Help Me.”

35. The Diet of Worms • Charles V • Edict of Worms (Reformation) • Forbade anyone to accept Luther’s theology • Private meeting held to determine fate of Luther • Luther disappeared…

36. Where was Martin Luther?? • Disappearance planned • Seized by Duke Frederick • Began translation of the Bible • Grew a beard…looked like a knight • Sought out for advice • Theology formally developed

37. Luther’s Theology • Salvation is a Gift of God only obtainable through Faith in Jesus Christ • Rejected the Sacrament of Reconciliation: Every Christian is a confessor • “Faith: and “alone” inserted into Romans 3:28 • Rejected celibacy: unnatural

38. Luther’s Theology • Eucharist: Sacramental Union (Consubstantiation): “…we do not make Christ's body out of the bread ... Nor do we say that his body comes into existence out of the bread [i.e. impanation]. We say that his body, which long ago was made and came into existence, is present when we say, "This is my body." For Christ commands us to say not, "Let this become my body," or, "Make my body there," but, "This is my body.“ (Luther’s Works: American Edition)

39. Consubstantiation • The Body/Blood of Christ co-exist with the bread and wine • “This bread contains my body…this wine contains my blood” • Christ is truly present – but the bread and wine do not transform into His flesh

40. Transubstantiation • The real presence of Christ in the Eucharist • The Bread/Wine undergo a change of substance • The Bread/Wine is no longer the same substance – it is the Body and Blood of Christ • John 6:51 – “My flesh for the rest of the world.”

41. Faith Alone? • Catholicism does NOT teach that we are saved by our own efforts • James 1:21-25 –must do, not just state • Not everyone who says to me "Lord, Lord" will enter the kingdom of heaven, but only the one who does the will of my Father in heaven. (Mat 7:20) • Works Complete Our Faith • 1 Corinthians 13: …and if I have a faith that can move mountains, but have not love, I am nothing.

42. Pope Benedict XVI (GA: Nov 19th 2008)Faith & Good Works • "And the form, the life of Christ, is love; hence to believe is to conform to Christ and to enter into his love” • “…faith in Christ, creates charity. And charity is the fulfillment of communion with Christ. Thus, we are just by being united with Him and in no other way"

44. Sacrament of Reconciliation • Jesus appeared to His Apostles "breathed on them," and said, "Receive the Holy Spirit. If you forgive men's sins, they are forgiven them; if you hold them bound, they are held bound." (Jn 20:21-23) • Christ instituted the sacrament of penance and made His Apostles the ministers of it

45. Luther’s Return to Wittenberg • Married a nun (Katherine) • Lived out later years peacefully – away from the spotlight • Due to illness – became angry, senile, and rude • Many friends abandoned him … • Died proclaiming himself to be in the hands of God

46. Are Protestants heretics today? • Heretics try to change the Truth within the Catholic Faith/Church • Protestants do not try to do that • Vatican II: “Separated Brethren” • Protestants share in many of our truths • Ecumenism

47. The Peasant Rebellion and the Splintering of Protestantism Part II

48. The German Princes • Did not share in the rebellion against the teachings of the Church • Only sympathized with Luther • Liked Luther because he stood up against the papacy

49. The German Princes • Sent armies to help him defend his rebellion • Troubled Luther with outrageous demands • For example, one demanded that Luther support his bigamous marriage

50. The Peasant Rebellion • Luther gave a model for the peasants to follow • Before Luther, denying authority in public was unheard of • Peasants entertained the idea that they too could deny their oppressors