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ONCOLOGY

ONCOLOGY. OBJECTIVES. Define terminology related to tumors Identify and define three types of cancers Identify the causes of cancers Define staging and grading tumors Identify and define methods of cancer treatment. Terminology.

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ONCOLOGY

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  1. ONCOLOGY

  2. OBJECTIVES • Define terminology related to tumors • Identify and define three types of cancers • Identify the causes of cancers • Define staging and grading tumors • Identify and define methods of cancer treatment

  3. Terminology • Oncology (from the Ancient Greek onkos, meaning bulk, mass, or tumor, and the suffix -logy, meaning "study of is a branch of medicine that deals with tumors. • Oncologist - A medical professional who practices oncology. • A tumor is an abnormal growth of body tissue. They are made up of extra cells. • Metastasis – secondary growths in different parts of the body

  4. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS • BENIGN – NON CANCEROUS • Benign tumors grow only in one place. • Grow slowly • They cannot spread or invade other parts of your body. • Even so, they can be dangerous if they press on vital organs, such as your brain. • Usually are capsulated • Treatment is only surgery

  5. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS • MALIGNANT – CANCEROUS • Atumor that tends to spread to other parts of the body • Not capsulated • Grow fast • Requires combination of treatment methods • Surgery • Radiation • Chemotherapy • Biological therapies

  6. CAUSES – NOT KNOWN • RISK FACTORS CARCINOGENS • Environmental • exposure to radiation • toxic substances • sun damage can also cause tumors • Behavioral risk factors • Smoking • Alcohol • Obesity • Genetic factors

  7. CLASSIFICATION OF CANCERS • CARCINOMAS – A MALIGNAT TUMOR THAT ORIGINATES FROM THE EPITHELIAL CELLS • Carcinomas are the largest group of malignancies 90% of all tumors • ADENOCARCINOMA • PANCREATIC CARCINOMA

  8. SARCOMA – MALIGNANCIES THAT ORIGINATE OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE – 5% • CHONDROSARCOMA • LIPOSARCOMA • OSTEOSARCOMA

  9. MIXED – TISSUE MALIGNACIES – ARISING FROM DIFERNT TYPES OF CELLS – 5%

  10. SYMPTOMS • Early diagnosis is a key factor in successful treatment • American Cancer Society is suggesting following warning signs: • Unexplained weight loss • Fatigue • Fever • Pain • Change in bowel habits or bladder function • Unusual bleeding or discharge • Thickening or lump in the breast or other parts of the body • Indigestion or trouble swallowing • Recent change in a wart or mole or any new skin change • Nagging cough or hoarseness • Sores that do not heal

  11. STAGING • Staging describes the severity of a person’s cancer based on the extent of the original (primary) tumor and whether or not cancer has spread in the body. • The TNM system is one of the most widely used staging systems. • The TNM system is based on the extent of the tumor (T), the extent of spread to the lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). • For many cancers, TNM combinations correspond to one of five stages. Criteria for stages differ for different types of cancer. For example, bladder cancer T3 N0 M0 is stage III, whereas colon cancer T3 N0 M0 is stage II.

  12. T

  13. N

  14. M

  15. TREATMENT METHODS • Chemotherapy • Radiation Therapy • Surgery • Other Treatment Methods • Biological therapies use the body's immune system, either directly or indirectly, to fight cancer or to lessen the side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. • Gene therapy is an experimental treatment that involves introducing genetic material (DNA or RNA) into a person's cells to fight disease. • Hyperthermia (also called thermal therapy or thermotherapy) is a type of cancer treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures (up to 113°F).

  16. PROGNOSIS • People facing cancer are naturally concerned about what the future holds. A prognosis gives an idea of the likely course and outcome of a disease—that is, the chance that a patient will recover or have a recurrence (return of the cancer). • Many factors affect a person’s prognosis. • Some of the most important are • The type and location of the cancer, • The stage of the disease • The grade (how abnormal the cancer cells look and how quickly the cancer is likely to grow and spread). • Other factors that may also affect the prognosis include the person’s age, general health, and response to treatment.

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